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true independence

  • 1 true independence

    Politics english-russian dictionary > true independence

  • 2 independence

    n
    независимость; самостоятельность

    to accelerate one's attainment of independence — ускорять достижение чьей-л. независимости

    to assert one's independence — отстаивать свою независимость

    to attain independence — добиваться / достигать независимости, получать / обретать независимость

    to declare one's independence — провозглашать (свою) независимость; объявлять о (своей) независимости

    to defend one's independence — отстаивать (свою) независимость

    to deprive smb of independence — лишать кого-л. независимости

    to gain / to get independence — добиваться / достигать независимости; получать / обретать независимость

    to honor smb's independence — уважать чью-л. независимость

    to infringe (up)on smb's independence — посягать на чью-л. независимость

    to lose one's independence — терять / утрачивать (свою) независимость

    to obtain independence — добиваться / достигать независимости; получать / обретать независимость

    to preserve one's independence — сохранять свою независимость

    to proclaim one's independence — провозглашать (свою) независимость; объявлять о (своей) независимости

    to reach one's independence — достигать независимости

    to recognize smb's independence — признавать чью-л. независимость

    to recover one's independence — вновь обретать независимость

    to retain one's independence — сохранять свою независимость

    to secure independence — обеспечивать независимость; добиваться независимости

    to strive for independence — стремиться к независимости; бороться за независимость

    to surrender a country's independence — поступаться независимостью страны; отказываться от независимости

    to uphold one's independence — отстаивать свою независимость

    to win independence — добиваться / достигать независимости; получать / обретать независимость

    - complete independence
    - de facto independence     - display of independence
    - drive for independence
    - economic independence
    - full independence
    - genuine independence
    - granting of independence to smb
    - guarantor of a country's independence
    - independence of a state
    - intellectual independence
    - national independence
    - newly won independence
    - nominal independence
    - political independence
    - president committed to independence
    - respect for national independence
    - restoration of independence
    - return of independence
    - stable independence
    - state independence
    - struggle for independence
    - support for independence
    - technological independence
    - total independence
    - transition to independence
    - true independence
    - unconditional independence

    Politics english-russian dictionary > independence

  • 3 подлинная независимость

    genuine independence, true independence

    Русско-английский политический словарь > подлинная независимость

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 dream

    1. noun
    1) Traum, der

    have a dream about somebody/something — von jemandem/etwas träumen

    it was all a bad dream — das ganze war wie ein böser Traum

    in a dream — im Traum

    go/work like a dream — (coll.) wie eine Eins fahren/funktionieren (ugs.)

    2) (ambition, vision) Traum, der

    never in one's wildest dreams — nicht in seinen kühnsten Träumen

    3) attrib. traumhaft; Traum[haus, -auto, -urlaub]
    2. intransitive verb,
    dreamt or dreamed träumen (about, of von); (while awake) vor sich (Akk.) hin träumen

    he wouldn't dream of doing it — (fig.) er würde nicht im Traum daran denken, das zu tun

    3. transitive verb,
    dreamt or dreamed träumen

    she never dreamt that she'd win — sie hätte sich (Dat.) nie träumen lassen, dass sie gewinnen würde

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/86411/dream_up">dream up
    * * *
    1. [dri:m] noun
    1) (thoughts and pictures in the mind that come mostly during sleep: I had a terrible dream last night.) der Traum
    2) (a state of being completely occupied by one's own thoughts: Don't sit there in a dream!) die Träumerei
    3) (something perfect or very beautiful: Your house is a dream!) der Traum
    4) (an ambition or hope: It's my dream to win a Nobel Prize.) der Wunschtraum
    2. [dremt] verb
    ((sometimes with of) to see visions and pictures in the mind, especially when asleep: For years I dreamed of being a great artist; I dreamt last night that the house had burnt down.) träumen
    - dreamer
    - dreamless
    - dreamy
    - dreamily
    - dreaminess
    - dream up
    * * *
    [dri:m]
    I. n
    1. (during sleep) Traum m
    bad/pleasant \dream schlimmer [o schlechter] /schöner Traum
    recurring \dream [immer] wiederkehrender Traum
    ▪ to have a \dream [about sth] [von etw dat] träumen
    2. (daydream) Tagtraum m, Träumerei f
    ▪ to be in a \dream vor sich akk hinträumen, mit offenen Augen träumen
    3. (aspiration) [Wunsch]traum m
    win the house of your \dreams gewinnen Sie das Haus Ihrer Träume!
    the \dream of independence der Traum von der Unabhängigkeit
    a \dream come true ein in Erfüllung gegangener Traum
    to live one's \dream seinen Traum wahrmachen
    4. ( fam: perfect thing, person) Traum m fam
    his new girlfriend is a \dream! seine neue Freundin ist einfach perfekt!
    this is a \dream of a house das ist ein Traum von einem Haus
    he's got a \dream of an apartment er hat eine traumhafte Wohnung
    to go/run/work/play like a \dream wie eine Eins fahren/funktionieren/spielen
    5.
    ▶ in your \dreams! du träumst wohl!, nie im Leben!
    II. adj
    1. (ideal) Traum-
    \dream holiday/house Traumurlaub m [o SCHWEIZ Traumferien f] /-haus nt
    to be [living] in a \dream world ( pej) in einer Traumwelt leben pej
    2. (relating to dreams) Traum-
    \dream sequence FILM Traumsequenz f
    \dream time AUS MYTH Traumzeit f
    III. vi
    <dreamt or dreamed, dreamt or dreamed>
    1. (during sleep) träumen
    ▪ to \dream about [or of] sb/sth von jdm/etw träumen
    what did you \dream about last night? wovon hast du letzte Nacht geträumt?
    ▪ to \dream of [or about] sth von etw dat träumen
    \dream on! ( iron) träum [nur schön] weiter! iron
    ▪ to not \dream of sth nicht [einmal] im Traum an etw akk denken
    I wouldn't \dream of asking him for money! es würde mir nicht im Traum einfallen, ihn um Geld zu bitten
    IV. vt
    <dreamt or dreamed, dreamt or dreamed>
    ▪ to \dream that... träumen, dass...
    2. (imagine)
    ▪ to \dream sth etw träumen
    I must have \dreamt it das muss ich wohl geträumt haben
    3. (consider possible)
    to never \dream that... nicht im Traum daran denken, dass...
    * * *
    [driːm] vb: pret, ptp dreamt ( Brit) or dreamed
    1. n
    1) Traum m

    sweet dreams! — träum was Schönes!, träume süß!

    to have a dream about sb/sth — von jdm/etw träumen

    to see sb/sth in a dream —

    2)

    (when awake) lost in dreams — traumverloren

    3) (= fantasy, vision) Traum m

    the house/woman of his dreams —

    she was happy beyond her wildest dreams — sie war so glücklich, wie sie es in ihren kühnsten Träumen nicht für möglich gehalten hätte

    never in my wildest dreams did I think I'd win — ich hätte in meinen kühnsten Träumen nicht gedacht, dass ich gewinnen würde

    to have dreams of becoming rich — davon träumen, reich zu werden

    to make a dream come true for sb, to make sb's dream come true — jdm einen Traum erfüllen

    all his dreams came true — all seine Träume gingen in Erfüllung

    it was a dream come true — es war ein Traum, der wahr geworden war

    I have a dream of a better world —

    darling, you're a dream! — Liebling, du bist ein Schatz

    2. vi (lit, fig)
    träumen (about, of von)

    I'm sorry, I was dreaming — es tut mir leid, ich habe geträumt

    3. vt (lit, fig)
    träumen; dream haben

    he dreams of being free one day — er träumt davon, eines Tages frei zu sein

    I would never have dreamed of doing such a thing — ich hätte nicht im Traum daran gedacht, so etwas zu tun

    I wouldn't dream of telling her — es fiele mir nicht im Traum ein, es ihr zu erzählen

    who would have dreamed it would be so complicated — wer hätte es sich träumen lassen, dass es so kompliziert sein würde

    I never dreamed (that) he would come — ich hätte mir nie or nicht träumen lassen, dass er kommen würde

    4. adj attr
    Traum-
    * * *
    dream [driːm]
    A s
    1. Traum m:
    everybody has dreams jeder träumt;
    have a dream about träumen von;
    have a bad dream schlecht träumen;
    pleasant dreams träum was Schönes!
    2. Traum(zustand) m:
    as in a dream wie im Traum;
    live in a dream in einer Traumwelt leben
    3. Traumbild n
    4. (Tag)Traum m, Träumerei f
    5. (Wunsch)Traum m:
    that’s beyond my wildest dreams das übertrifft meine kühnsten Träume;
    his dream is to inf sein Traum ist es zu inf;
    the girl of his dreams das Mädchen seiner Träume
    6. fig Traum m, Ideal n:
    a dream of a hat ein Gedicht von einem Hut, ein traumhaft schöner Hut;
    it is a perfect dream es ist wunderschön
    B v/i prät und pperf dreamed, dreamt [dremt]
    1. träumen (of, about von) (auch fig):
    dream of doing sth davon träumen, etwas zu tun ( → B 3); I never said that, you must have been dreaming du musst oder das musst du geträumt haben
    2. träumen, verträumt oder träumerisch sein
    3. dream of meist neg
    a) ahnen (akk)
    b) daran denken ( doing zu tun):
    I never dreamed of it ich habe es mir nie träumen lassen;
    we did not dream of going there wir dachten nicht im Traum daran hinzugehen;
    more things than we dream of mehr Dinge, als wir uns denken können
    C v/t
    1. träumen (auch fig):
    dream a dream einen Traum träumen oder haben;
    I dreamed that … ich oder mir träumte, dass …
    2. erträumen, ersehnen
    3. sich träumen lassen, ahnen:
    without dreaming that … ohne zu ahnen, dass …
    4. dream away verträumen
    5. dream up umg
    a) zusammenträumen, -fantasieren,
    b) sich etwas ausdenken, sich etwas einfallen lassen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Traum, der

    have a dream about somebody/something — von jemandem/etwas träumen

    go/work like a dream — (coll.) wie eine Eins fahren/funktionieren (ugs.)

    2) (ambition, vision) Traum, der
    3) attrib. traumhaft; Traum[haus, -auto, -urlaub]
    2. intransitive verb,
    dreamt or dreamed träumen (about, of von); (while awake) vor sich (Akk.) hin träumen

    he wouldn't dream of doing it — (fig.) er würde nicht im Traum daran denken, das zu tun

    3. transitive verb,
    dreamt or dreamed träumen

    she never dreamt that she'd win — sie hätte sich (Dat.) nie träumen lassen, dass sie gewinnen würde

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Traum Träume m. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: dreamed, dreamt)
    = phantasieren v.
    träumen v.

    English-german dictionary > dream

  • 6 स्व _sva

    स्व pron. a.
    1 One's own, belonging to oneself, often serving as a reflexive pronoun; स्वनियोगमशून्यं कुरु Ś.2; प्रजाः प्रजाः स्वा इव तन्त्रयित्वा 5.5; oft. in comp. in this sense; स्वपुत्र, स्वकलत्र, स्वद्रव्य.
    -2 Innate, natural, inherent, peculiar, inborn; सूर्यापाये न खलु कमलं पुष्यति स्वामभिख्याम् Me.82; Ś.1.19; स तस्य स्वो भावः प्रकृतिनियतत्वादकृतकः U. 6.14.
    -3 Belonging to one's own caste or tribe; शूद्रैव भार्या शूद्रस्य सा च स्वा च विशः स्मृते Ms.3.13;5.14.
    -स्वः 1 One's own self.
    -2 A relative, kinsman; एनं स्वा अभि- संविशन्ति भर्ता स्वानां श्रेष्ठः पुर एता भवति Bṛi. Up.1.3.18; (दौर्गत्यं) येन स्वैरपि मन्यन्ते जीवन्तो$पि मृता इव Pt.2.1; Ms. 2.19.
    -3 The soul.
    -4 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -स्वा A woman of one's own caste.
    -स्वः, -स्वम् 1 Wealth, property; as in निःस्व q. v.
    -2 (In alg.) The plus or affirmative quantity; cf. धनः; स्वशब्दो$यमात्मीयधनज्ञातीनां प्रत्येकं वाचको न समुदायस्य ŚB. on MS.6.7.2. The Ego.
    -4 Nature (स्वभावः); वृत्तिर्भूतानि भूतानां चराणामचराणि च । कृता स्वेन नृणां तत्र कामाच्चोदनयापि वा ॥ Bhāg.12.7.13.
    -Comp. -अक्षपादः a follower of the Nyāya system of philosophy.
    -अक्षरम् one's own hand-writing.
    -अधिकारः one's own duty or sway; स्वाधिकारात् प्रमत्तः Me.1; स्वाधिकारभूमौ Ś.7.
    -अधिपत्यम् one's own supremacy, sovereignty.
    -अधि- ष्ठानम् one of the six Chakras or mystical circles of the body.
    -अधीन a.
    1 dependent on oneself, self-dependent.
    -2 independent.
    -3 one's own subject.
    -4 in one's own power; स्वाधीना वचनीयतापि हि वरं बद्धो न सेवाञ्जलिः Mk.3. 11. ˚कुशल a. having prosperity in one's own power; स्वाधीनकुशलाः सिद्धिमन्तः Ś.4. ˚ पतिका, ˚भर्तृका a woman who has full control over her husband, one whose husband is subject to her; अथ सा निर्गताबाधा राधा स्वाधीनभर्तृका । निजगाद रतिक्लान्तं कान्तं मण्डनवाञ्छया Gīt.12; see S. D.112. et seq.
    -अध्यायः 1 self-recitation, muttering to oneself.
    -2 study of the Vedas, sacred study, perusal of sacred books; स्वाध्यायेनार्चयेदृषीन् Ms.3.81; Bg.16.1; T. Up.1.9.1.
    -3 the Veda itself.
    -4 a day on which sacred study is enjoined to be resumed after suspension. ˚अर्थिन् m. a student who tries to secure his own livelihood during his course of holy study; Ms.11.1.
    -अध्यायिन् m.
    1 a student of the Vedas.
    -2 a tradesman.
    -अनुभवः, अनुभूतिः f.
    1 self-experience.
    -2 self-knowledge; स्वानुभूत्येकसाराय नमः शान्ताय तेजसे Bh.2.1. अनुभावः love for property.
    -अनुरूप a.
    1 natural, inborn.
    -2 worthy of oneself.
    -अन्तम् 1 the mind; मम स्वान्तध्वान्तं तिरयतु नवीनो जलधरः Bv.4.5; Mv.7.17.
    -2 a cavern.
    -3 one's own death, end.
    -अर्जित a. self-acquired.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 self-interested.
    -2 having its own or true meaning.
    -3 having one's own object or aim.
    -4 pleonastic.
    (-र्थः) 1 one's own interest, self-interest; सर्वः स्वार्थं समीहते Śi.2.65; स्वार्थात्सतां गुरुतरा प्रणयिक्रियैव V. 4.15.
    -2 own or inherent meaning; स्वार्थे णिच्, स्वार्थे कप्रत्ययः &c.; परार्थव्यासङ्गादुपजहदथ स्वार्थपरताम् Bv.1.79 (where both senses are intended).
    -3 = पुरुषार्थः q. v.; Bhāg.12.2.6. ˚अनुमानम् inference for oneself, a kind of inductive reasoning, one of the two main kinds of अनुमान, the other being परार्थानुमान. ˚पण्डित a.
    1 clever in one's own affairs.
    -2 expert in attending to one's own interests. ˚पर, ˚परायण a. intent on securing one's own interests, selfish; परार्थानुष्ठाने जडयति नृपं स्वार्थपरता Mu.3.4. ˚विघातः frustration of one's object. ˚सिद्धिः f. fulfilment of one's own object.
    -आनन्दः delight in one's self.
    -आयत्त a. subject to, or dependent upon, oneself; स्वायत्तमेकान्तगुणं विधात्रा विनिर्मितं छादनमज्ञतायाः Bh. 2.7.
    -आरब्ध, -आरम्भक a. self-undertaken.
    - आहत a. coined by one's self.
    -इच्छा self-will, own inclination. ˚आचारः acting as one likes; self-will. ˚मृत्युः an epithet of Bhīṣma.
    -उत्थ a. innate.
    -उदयः the rising of a sign or heavenly body at any particular place.
    -उपधिः a fixed star.
    -कम्पनः air, wind.
    -कर्मन् one's own duty (स्वधर्म); स्वकर्मनिरतः सिद्धिं यथा विन्दति तच्छृणु Bg.18. 45.
    -कर्मस्थ a. minding one's own duty; अधीयीरंस्त्रयो वर्णाः स्वकर्मस्था द्विजातयः Ms.1.1.
    -कर्मिन् a. selfish.
    -कामिन् a. selfish.
    -कार्यम् one's own business or interest.
    -कुलक्षयः a fish.
    -कृतम् a deed done by one's self.
    -कृतंभुज् a. experiencing the results of former deeds (प्रारब्धकर्म); मा शोचतं महाभागावात्मजान् स्वकृतंभुजः Bhāg.1. 4.18.
    -गतम् ind. to oneself, aside (in theatrical lang- uage).
    -गृहः a kind of bird.
    -गोचर a. subject to one's self; स्वगोचरे सत्यपि चित्तहारिणा Ki.8.13.
    -चर a. self-moving.
    -छन्द a.
    1 self-willed, uncontrolled, wanton.
    -2 spontaneous.
    -3 wild. (
    -न्दः) one's own will or choice, own fancy or pleasure, independence. (
    -न्दम्) ind. at one's own will or pleasure, wantonly, volunta- rily; स्वच्छन्दं दलदरविन्द ते मरन्दं विन्दन्तो विदधतु गुञ्जितं मिलिन्दाः Bv.1.15.
    -ज a.
    1 self-born.
    -2 natural (स्वाभाविक); आगता त्वामियं बुद्धिः स्वजा वैनायिकी च या Rām.2.112.16.
    (-जः) 1 a son or child.
    -2 sweat, perspiration.
    -3 a viper. (
    -जा) a daughter. (
    -जम्) blood.
    -जनः 1 a kinsman, relative; इतःप्रत्यादेशात् स्वजनमनुगन्तुं व्यवसिता Ś. 6.8; Pt.1.5.
    -2 one's own people or kindred, one's household. ˚गन्धिन् a. distantly related to. (स्वजनायते Den. P. 'becomes or is treated as a relation'; Pt.1.5.)
    -जातिः 1 one's own kind.
    -2 one's own family or caste.
    -ज्ञातिः a kinsman.
    -ता personal regard or interest; अस्यां मे महती स्वता Svapna.1.7.
    -तन्त्र a.
    1 self-dependent, uncontrolled, independent, self-willed.
    -2 of age, full-grown. (
    -न्त्रम्) one's own (common group of) subsidiaries; जैमिनेः परतन्त्रापत्तेः स्वतन्त्रप्रतिषेधः स्यात् MS. 12.1.8. (
    -न्त्रः) a blind man.
    -दृश् a. seeing one's self; ईयते भगवानेभिः सगुणो निर्गुणः स्वदृक् Bhāg.3.32.36.
    -देशः one's own country, native country. ˚जः, ˚बन्धुः a fellow countryman.
    -धर्मः 1 one's own religion.
    -2 one's own duty, the duties of one's own class; Ms.1.88,91; स्वधर्मे निधनं श्रेयः परधर्मो भयावहः Bg.3.35.
    -3 peculiarity, one's own rights.
    -निघ्न a. depending on or subservi- ent to oneself; (पुराणि च) निगृह्य निग्रहाभिज्ञो निन्ये नेता स्वनिघ्नताम् Śiva B.25.9.
    -पक्षः 1 one's own side or party.
    -2 a friend.
    -3 one's own opinion.
    -पणः one's own stake.
    -परमण्डलम् one's own and an enemy's country.
    -प्रकाश a.
    1 self-evident.
    -2 self-luminous.
    -प्रतिष्ठ a. astringent.
    -प्रधान a. independent.
    -प्रयोगात् ind. by means of one's own efforts.
    -बीजः the soul.
    -भटः 1 one's own warrior.
    -2 bodyguard.
    -भावः 1 own state.
    -2 an essential or inherent property, natu- ral constitution, innate or peculiar disposition, nature; स्वभावहेतुजा भावाः Mb.12.211.3; पौरुषं कारणं केचिदाहुः कर्मसु मानवाः । दैवमेके प्रशंसन्ति स्वभावमपरे जनाः ॥ 12.238.4; Bg.5.14; स्वभावो दुरतिक्रमः Subhāṣ.; so कुटिल˚, शुद्ध˚, मृदु˚, चपल˚, कठिन˚ &c. ˚आत्मक a. natural, inborn; स्वभावतः प्रवृत्तो यः प्राप्नोत्यर्थ न कारणात्। तत् स्वभावात्मकं विद्धि फलं पुरुष- सत्तम ॥ Mb.3.32.19. ˚उक्तिः f.
    1 spontaneous declara- tion.
    -2 (in Rhet.) a figure of speech which consists in describing a thing to the life, or with exact resem- blance; स्वभावोक्तिस्तु डिम्भादेः स्वक्रियारूपवर्णनम् K. P.1, or नानावस्थं पदार्थानां रूपं साक्षाद्विवृण्वती Kāv.2.8. ˚ज a. innate, natural. ˚भावः natural disposition. ˚वादः the doctrine that the universe was produced and is sustained by the natural and necessary action of substances according to their inherent properties, (and not by the agency of a Supreme Being). ˚सिद्ध a. natural, sponta- neous, inborn.
    -भूः m.
    1 an epithet of Brahman.
    -2 of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu. -f. one's own country, home.
    -मनीषा own judgement.
    -मनीषिका indifference.
    -मात्रेण ind. by one's self.
    -युतिः the line which joins the extremities of the perpendicular and diagonal.
    -यूथ्यः a relation.
    -योनि a. related on the mother's side. (-m., f.) own womb, one's own place of birth. (-f.) a sister or near female relative; रेतःसेकः स्वयोनीषु कुमारीष्वन्त्यजासु च (गुरुतल्पसमं विदुः) Ms.11.58.
    -रसः 1 natural taste.
    -2 proper taste or sentiment in com- position.
    -3 a kind of astringent juice.
    -4 the residue of oily substances (ground on a stone.)
    -राज् a.
    1 self-luminons; त्वमकरणः स्वराडखिलकारकशक्तिधरः Bhāg.1. 87.28.
    -2 self-wise; Bhāg.1.1.1. -m.
    1 the Supreme Being.
    -2 one of the seven rays of the sun.
    -3 N. of Brahmā; दिदृक्षुरागादृषिभिर्वृतः स्वराट् Bhāg.3.18.2.
    -4 N. of Viṣṇ&u; हस्तौ च निरभिद्येतां बलं ताभ्यां ततः स्वराट् Bhāg.3. 26.59.
    -5 a king with a revenue of 5 lacs to one crore Karṣas; ततस्तु कोटिपर्यन्तः स्वराट् सम्राट् ततः परम् Śukra.1. 185.
    -राज्यम् 1 independent dominion or sovereignty.
    -2 own kingdom.
    -राष्ट्रम् own kingdom.
    -रुचिः one's own pleasure.
    -रूप a.
    1 similar, like.
    -2 handsome, pleasing, lovely.
    -3 learned, wise.
    (-पम्) 1 one's own form or shape, natural state or condition; तत्रान्यस्य कथं न भावि जगतो यस्मात् स्वरूपं हि तत् Pt.1.159.
    -2 natural character or form, true constitution.
    -3 nature.
    -4 peculiar aim.
    -5 kind, sort, species. ˚असिद्धि f. one of the three forms of fallacy called असिद्ध q. v.
    -लक्षणम् a peculiar characteristic or property.
    -लोकः 1 one's own form (आत्मरूप); व्यर्थो$पि नैवोपरमेत पुंसां मत्तः परावृत्तधियां स्वलोकात् Bhāg.11.22.34.
    -2 self-knowledge; पुष्णन् स्वलोकाय न कल्पते वै Bhāg.7.6.16.
    -बत् a. possessed of property; स्ववती श्रुत्यनुरोधात् ŚB. on MS.6.1.2.
    -वश a.
    1 self-controlled.
    -2 independent.
    -वहित a.
    1 self-impelled.
    -2 alert, active.
    -वासिनी a woman whether married or unmarried who continues to live after maturity in her father's house.
    -विग्रहः one's own body.
    -विषयः one's own country, home.
    -वृत्तम् one's own business.
    -वृत्ति a. living by one's own exertions.
    -संविद् f. the knowledge of one's own or the true essence.
    -संवृत a. self-protected, self-guarded; मायां नित्यं स्वसंवृतः Ms.7.14.
    -संवेदनम् knowledge derived from one's self.
    -संस्था 1 self-abiding.
    -2 self-possession.
    -3 ab- sorption in one's own self; उन्मत्तमत्तजडवत्स्वसंस्थां गतस्य मे वीर चिकित्सितेन Bhāg.5.1.13.
    -स्थ a.
    1 self-abiding.
    -2 self-dependent, relying on one's own exer- tions, confident, firm, resolute; स्वस्थं तं सूचयन्तीव वञ्चितो$सीति वीक्षितैः Bu. Ch.4.37.
    -3 independent.
    -4 doing well, well, in health, at ease, comfortable; स्वस्थ एवास्मि Māl.4; स्वस्थे को वा न पण्डितः Pt.1.127; see अखस्थ also.
    -5 contented, happy. (
    -स्थम्) ind. at ease, comfortably, composedly.
    -स्थानम् one's own place or home, one's own abode; नक्रः स्वस्थानमासाद्य गजेन्द्रमपि कर्षति Pt.3.46. ˚विवृद्धिः (Mīmāṁsā) augmen- tation in its own place (opp. दण्डकलितवत् आवृत्तिः); तत्र पूर्णे पुनरावृत्तिर्नास्तीति दण्डकलितवद् न स्यात् । न च वृद्ध्या विना तद न्तरं पूर्यते इति स्वस्थानविवृद्धिरागतेति ŚB. on MS.1.5.83.
    -स्वरूपम् one's true character.
    -हन्तृ m. suicide.
    -हरणम् confiscation of property.
    -हस्तः one's own hand or handwriting, an autograph; see under हस्त.
    -हस्तिका an axe.
    -हित a. beneficial to oneself (
    -तम्) one's own good or advantage, one's own welfare.
    -हेतुः one's own cause.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > स्व _sva

  • 7 निर् _nir

    निर् ind. A substitute for निस् before vowels and soft consonants conveying the senses of 'out of', 'away from'. 'without', 'free from', and be frequently expressed by 'less', 'un', used with the noun; see the compounds given below; see निस् and cf. अ also.
    -Comp. -अंश a.
    1 whole, entire.
    -2 not entitled to any share of the ancestral property.
    -अक्षः the place of no latitute; i. e. the terrestrial equator (in astronomy). ˚देशः
    1 a first meridian, as Laṅkā.
    -2 a place where the sun is always vertical and the days and nights are equal.
    -3 the equatorial region.
    -अक्षर a. Not knowing the letters, illiterate.
    -अग्नि a. having lost or neg- lected the consecrated fire; स संन्यासी च योगी च न निरग्निर्न चाक्रियः Bg.6.1.
    -अग्र (क) a. divisible without remain- der.
    -अङ्कुश a. 'not curbed by a hook', unchecked, uncontrolled; unruly, independent, completely free, unfettered; निरङ्कुश इव द्विपः Bhāg.; कामो निकामनिरङ्कुशः Gīt.7; निरङ्कुशाः कवयः Sk.; Bh.3.15; Mv.3.39; विनयरुचयः सदैव निरङ्कुशाः Mu.3.6. ˚ता self-will, indepen- dence.
    -अघ a. sinless, blameless.
    -अङ्ग a.
    1 having no parts.
    -2 deprived of expedients or resources.
    -अजिन a. skinless.
    -अञ्जन a.
    1 without collyrium; निरञ्जने साचिविलोलिकं दृशौ Ki.8.52.
    -2 unstained, untinged.
    -3 free from falsehood; तदा विद्वान् पुण्यपापे विधूय निरञ्जनं परमं साम्यमुपैति Munda 3.1.3.
    -4 simple, artless.
    (-नः) 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 N. of the Supreme Being.
    (-ना) 1 the day of full moon.
    -2 an epithet of Durgā.
    -अतिशय a. unsurpassed, matchless, un- rivalled; निरतिशयं गरिमाणं तेन जनन्याः स्मरन्ति विद्वांसः Pt.1.3. (
    -यः) the Supreme Being.
    -अत्यय a.
    1 free from danger, secure, safe; तद्भवान् वृत्तसंपन्नः स्थितः पथि निरत्यये Rām.4.29.12; R.17.53.
    -2 free from fault, unblamable, faultless, disinterested; Ki.1.12, शक्तिरर्थपतिषु स्वयंग्रहं प्रेम कारयति वा निरत्ययम् 13.61.
    -3 com- pletely successful.
    -अधिष्ठान a.
    1 supportless.
    -2 in- dependent.
    -अध्व a. one who has lost one's way.
    -अनुक्रोश a. pitiless, merciless, hard-hearted. (
    -शः) mercilessness, hard-heartedness.
    -अनुग a. having no followers.
    -अनुग्रह a. Ungracious, unkind; Bhāg.5. 12.7.
    -अनुनासिक a. not nasal.
    -अनुमान a. not bound to conclusions or consequences.
    -अनुयोज्य a. unblamable, faultless.
    -अनुरोध a.
    1 unfavourable, unfriendly.
    -2 unkind, unamiable; Māl.1.
    -अन्तर a.
    -1 constant, perpetual, uninterrupted, incessant; निरन्त- राधिपटलैः Bv.1.16; निरन्तरास्वन्तरवातवृष्टिषु Ku.5.25.
    -2 having no intervening or intermediate space, having no interval, close, closely contiguous, in close contact; मूढे निरन्तरपयोधरया मयैव Mk.5.15; हृदयं निरन्तरबृहत्कठिनस्तन- मण्डलावरणमप्यभिदन् Śi.9.66.
    -3 compact, dense; परितो रुद्धनिरन्तराम्बराः Śi.16.76.
    -4 coarse, gross.
    -5 faithful, true (as a friend).
    -6 not hidden from view.
    -7 not different, similar, identical.
    -8 sincere, sympathetic; सुहृदि निरन्तरचित्ते (निवेद्य दुःखं सुखीभवति) Pt.1.341.
    -9 abounding in, full of; निपात्यमानैर्ददृशे निरन्तरम् Rām.7.7. 54; गुणैश्च निरन्तराणि Mv.4.12. (
    -रम्) ind.
    1 without interruption, constantly, continually, incessantly.
    -2 without intervening space or interval.
    -3 closely, tightly, firmly; (परिष्वजस्व) कान्तैरिदं मम निरन्तरमङ्गमङ्गैः Ve.3.27; परिष्वजेते शयने निरन्तरम् Ṛs.2.11.
    -4 immedia- tely. ˚अभ्यासः constant study, diligent exercise or pra- ctice.
    -अन्तराल a.
    1 without an intervening space, close.
    -2 narrow.
    -अन्धस् a. foodless, hungry.
    -अन्वय a.
    1 having no progeny, childless.
    -2 unconnected, unrelated; Ms.8.198.
    -3 not agreeing with the con- text (as a word in a sentence).
    -4 without logical connection or regular sequence, unmethodical.
    -5 without being seen, out of sight; निरन्वयं भवेत् स्तेयम् Ms.8. 332.
    -6 without retinue, unaccompanied, see अन्वय.
    -7 sudden, unexpected; U.7.
    -8 exterminatory, without leaving any species or trace; प्रागाधारनिरन्वयप्रमथनादुच्छेदमे- वाकरोः... Mv.3.13; (com. नाशो द्विविधः--स्वान्वयविनाशः, निरन्वयविनाशश्चेति......निर्वापणादिना सजातीयज्वालोदयानर्हविनाशस्तु निरन्वयविनाशः ।).
    -अपत्रप a.
    1 shameless, impudent.
    -2 bold.
    -अपराध a. guiltless, innocent, faultless, blame- less. (
    -धः) innocence.
    -अपवर्त a.
    1 not turning back.
    -2 (in arith.) leaving no common divisor, reduced to the lowest terms.
    -अपवाद a.
    1 blameless.
    -2 not admitting of any exception.
    -अपाय a.
    1 free from harm or evil.
    -2 free from decay, imperishable.
    -3 infallible; उपायो निरपायो$यमस्माभिरभिचिन्तितः Rām.1.1.2.
    -अपेक्ष a.
    1 not depending on, irrespective or independent of, having no need of (with loc.); न्यायनिर्णीतसारत्वा- न्निरपेक्षमिवागमे Ki.11.39.
    -2 disregarding, taking no notice of.
    -3 free from desire, secure; निरपेक्षो न कर्तव्यो भृत्यैः स्वामी कदाचन H.2.82.
    -4 careless, negligent, indifferent
    -5 indifferent to worldly attachments or pursuits; समुपोढेषु कामेषु निरपेक्षः परिव्रजेत् Ms.6.41.
    -6 disinterested, not expecting any reward from another; दिशि दिशि निरपेक्ष- स्तावकीनं विवृण्वन् Bv.1.5.
    -7 without purpose. (
    -क्षा) indifference, disregard.
    -अपेक्षित a.
    1 disregarded.
    -2 regardless.
    -अपेक्षिन् a. disregarding, indifferent.
    -अभिभव a.
    1 not subject to humiliation or disgrace.
    -2 not to be surpassed, unrivalled.
    -अभिमान a.
    1 free from self-conceit, devoid of pride or egotism.
    -2 void of self-respect.
    -3 unconscious.
    -अभिलाष a. not caring for, indifferent to; स्वसुखनिरभिलाषः खिद्यसे लोकहेतोः Ś.5.7.
    -अभिसंधानम् absence of design.
    -अभ्र a. cloudless.
    -अमर्ष a.
    1 void of anger, patient.
    -2 apa- thetic.
    -अम्बर a. naked.
    -अम्बु a.
    1 abstaining from water.
    -2 waterless, destitute of water.
    -अर्गल a. without a bolt, unbarred, unobstructed, unrestrained, unimpeded, completely free; M.5; मरणसमये त्यक्त्वा शङ्कां प्रलापनिरर्गलम् Māl.5.26. (
    -लम्) ind. freely.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 void of wealth, poor, indigent; स्त्रियः कृतार्थाः पुरुषं निरर्थं निष्पीडितालक्तकवत्त्यजन्ति Pt.1.194.
    -2 meaningless, un- meaning (as a word or sentence).
    -3 non-sensical.
    -4 vain, useless, purposeless.
    (-र्थः) 1 loss, detriment.
    -2 nonsense.
    -अर्थक a.
    1 useless, vain, unprofitable.
    -2 unmeaning, nonsensical, conveying no reasonable meaning; इत्थं जन्म निरर्थकं क्षितितले$रण्ये यथा मालती S. D.
    -3 (a consonant) not followed by a vowel. (
    -कम्) an expletive; निरर्थकं तु हीत्यादि पूरणैकप्रयोजनम् Chandr.2.6.
    -अलंकृतिः (in Rhet.) want of ornament, simplicity.
    -अवकाश a.
    1 without free space.
    -2 without leisure.
    -अवग्रह a.
    1 'free from restraint', unrestrained, un- checked, uncontrolled, irresistible.
    -2 free, indepen- dent.
    -3 self-willed, head-strong. (
    -हम्) ind.
    1 un- interruptedly.
    -2 intensely, strongly.
    -अवद्य a.
    1 blameless, faultless, unblameable, unobjectionable; हृद्य- निरवद्यरूपो भूपो बभूव Dk.1.
    -2 an epithet of the Supreme Being (having no passions).
    -अवधि a. having no end, unlimited; कथं तूष्णीं सह्यो निरवधिरयं त्वप्रतिविधः U. 3.44;6.3; Māl.1.6.
    -2 continuous; महानाधिव्याधि- र्निरवधिरिदानीं प्रसरतु Māl.4.3.
    1 without parts.
    -2 indivisible.
    -3 without limbs.
    -अवलम्ब a.
    1 unsupported, without support; Ś.6.
    -2 not affording support.
    -3 not depending or relying on.
    -अवशेष a. whole, complete, entire, (निरवशेषेण ind. completely, entirely, fully, totally).
    -अवसाद a. cheerful; Gīt.
    -अव्यय a. eternal, immutable.
    - अशन a. abstaining from food. (
    -नम्) fasting.
    -अश्रि a. even; Kau. A.2.11.
    -अष्ट a. Ved. driven away, scattered. (
    -ष्टः) a horse twentyfour years old.
    -अस्त्र a. weaponless, unarmed.
    -अस्थि a. boneless.
    -अहंकार, -अहंकृति a. free from egotism or pride, humble, lowly; Bg.12.13.
    -अहंकृत a.
    1 having no egotism or self-consciousness.
    -2 without individuality.
    -3 unselfish.
    -अहम् a. free from egotism or self-conceit; ह्यनामरूपं निरहं प्रपद्ये Bhāg. 5.19.4.
    -आकाङ्क्ष a.
    1 wishing nothing, free from desire.
    -2 wanting nothing to fill up or complete (as the sense of a word or sentence).
    -आकार a.
    1 devoid of form, formless, without form.
    -2 ugly, deformed.
    -3 disguised.
    -4 unassuming, modest.
    (-रः) 1 the universal spirit, Almighty.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu. ˚ज्ञानवादः the doctrine that the perception of the outer world does not arise from images impres- sed on the mind; Sarva. S.
    -आकृति a.
    1 formless, shapeless.
    -2 deformed.
    (-तिः) 1 a religious student who has not duly gone through a course of study, or who has not properly read the Vedas.
    -2 especially, a Brāhmaṇa who has neglected the duties of his caste by not going through a regular course of study; a fool; ग्रामधान्यं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः । यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥ Mb.12.36.48.
    -3 one who neglects the five great religious duties or yajñas; Ms.3.154.
    -आकाश a. leaving no free space, completely filled or occupied,
    -आकुल a.
    1 unconfused, unperplexed, un- bewildered; Ki.11.38.
    -2 steady, calm; सुपात्रनिक्षेपनिरा- कुलात्मना (प्रजासृजा) Śi.1.28.
    -3 clear.
    -4 perspicuous; अलिकुलसङ्कुलकुसुमसमूहनिराकुलबकुलकलापे Gīt.1.
    (-लम्) 1 calmness serenity.
    -2 perspicuity, clearness.
    -आक्रन्द a. not crying or complaining. (
    -दः) a place where no sound can be heard.
    -आक्रोश a. unaccused, unreviled.
    - आगम a. not founded on revelation or scripture, not derived from the Vedas.
    -आगस् a. faultless, innocent, sinless; कथमेकपदे निरागसं जनमाभाष्यमिमं न मन्यसे R.8.48.
    -आचार a. without approved customs or usages, lawless, barbarian.
    -आडम्बर a.
    1 without drums.
    -2 without show, unostentatious.
    -आतङ्क a.
    1 free from fear; R.1.63; निरातङ्को रङ्को विहरति चिरं कोटिकनकैः Śaṅkara (देव्यपराधक्षमापनस्तोत्रम् 6).
    -2 without ailment, comfort- able, healthy.
    -3 not causing pain.
    -4 unchecked, unhampered; निरातङ्कः पङ्केष्विव पिशितपिण्डेषु विलसन् Māl. 5.34. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    - आतप a. sheltered from heat, shady, not penetrated by the sun's rays. (
    -पा) the night.
    - आदर a. disrespectful.
    -आदान a.
    1 taking or receiving nothing; Mb.3.
    -2 an epithet of Buddha.
    -आधार a.
    1 without a receptacle.
    -2 without support, supportless (fig. also); निराधारो हा रोदिमि कथय केषामिह पुरः G. L.4.39.
    -आधि a. secure, free from anxiety.
    -आनन्द a. cheerless, sad, sorrowful.
    -आन्त्र a.
    1 disembowelled.
    -2 having the entrails hanging out.
    -आपद् a. free from misfortune or calamity. (-f.) prosperity.
    -आबाध a.
    1 unvexed, unmolested, undis- turbed, free from disturbance.
    -2 unobstructed.
    -3 not molesting or disturbing.
    -4 (in law) frivolously vexatious (as a suit or cause of complaint); e. g. अस्मद्- गृहप्रदीपप्रकाशेनायं स्वगृहे व्यवहरति Mitā.
    1 free from disease or illness, sound, healthy, hale.
    -2 untainted, pure.
    -3 guileless.
    -4 free from defects or blemishes.
    -5 full, complete.
    -6 infallible.
    -7 not liable to failure or miscarriage. (
    -यः, यम्) freedom from disease or illness, health, well-being, welfare, happiness; कुरूणां पाण्डवानां च प्रतिपत्स्व निरामयम् Mb.5.78.8.
    (-यः) 1 a wild goat.
    -2 a hog or boar.
    -आमिष a.
    1 fleshless; निरुपमरसप्रीत्या खादन्नरास्थि निरामिषम् Bh.
    -2 having no sensual desires or covetousness; Ms.6.49.
    -3 receiving no wages or remuneration.
    -आय a. yielding no income or revenue, profitless.
    -यः an idler living from hand to mouth.
    1 full-stretched or extended; निरायतपूर्वकायाः Ś.1.8.
    -2 contracted, compact.
    -आय- -तत्वम् shortness, compactness; निरायतत्वादुदरेण ताम्यता Ki.8.17.
    -आयति a. one whose end is at hand; नियता लघुता निरायतेः Ki.2.14.
    -आयास a. not fatiguing, easy.
    -आयुध a. unarmed, weaponless.
    -आरम्भ a. abstaining from all work (in good sense); Mb.3.82.11.
    -आलम्ब a.
    1 having no prop or support (fig. also); ऊर्ध्वबाहुं निरालम्बं तं राजा प्रत्यभाषत Rām.7.89.1; निरालम्बो लोकः कुलमयशसा नः परिवृतम् Mv.4.53.
    -2 not depending on another, independent.
    -3 self-supported, friendless, alone; निरालम्बो लम्बोदरजननि कं यामि शरणम् Jag. (
    -म्बा) spikenard. (
    -म्बम्) Brahman.
    -आलोक a.
    1 not looking about or seeing.
    -2 deprived of sight.
    -3 deprived of light, dark; निरालोकं लोकम् Māl.5.3; Bhāg.8.24.35.
    -5 invisible. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -आवर्ण a. manifest, evident.
    -आश a.
    1 devoid of hope, despairing or despondent of; मनो बभूवेन्दुमतीनिराशम् R.6.2.
    -2 depriving (one) of all hope.
    -आशक, -आशिन् a. hopeless; अद्य दुर्योधनो राज्याज्जीविताच्च निराशकः (भविष्यति) Mb.8.74.13.
    -आशङ्क a. fearless.
    -आशा hopeless- ness, despair.
    -आशिस् a.
    1 without a boon or blessing, without virtues; आश्रमा विहिताः सर्वे वर्जयित्वा निराशिषम् Mb.12.63.13.
    -2 without any desire, wish or hope, indifferent; निराशीर्यतचित्तात्मा Bg.4.21; जगच्छ- रण्यस्य निराशिषः सतः Ku.5.76.
    -आश्रय a.
    1 without a prop or support, supportless, unsupported; न तिष्ठति निराश्रयं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.41.
    -2 friendless, destitute, alone, without shelter or refuge; निराश्रयाधुना वत्सलता.
    -3 not deep (as a wound).
    -आस्वाद a. tasteless, insipid, un- savoury.
    -आहार a. 'foodless', fasting, abstaining from food. (
    -रः) fasting; कालो$ग्निः कर्म मृद् वायुर्मनो ज्ञानं तपो जलम् । पश्चात्तापो निराहारः सर्वे$मी शुद्धिहेतवः ॥ Y.3.31.
    -इङ्ग a. immovable, stationary; यथा दीपो निवातस्थो निरिङ्गो ज्वलते पुनः Mb.12.46.6.
    -इच्छ a. without wish or desire, indifferent.
    -इन्द्रिय a.
    1 having lost a limb or the use of it.
    -2 mutilated, maimed.
    -3 weak, infirm, frail; Kaṭh.1.1.3.
    -4 barren.
    -5 without प्रमाण or means of certain knowledge; निरिन्द्रिया ह्यमन्त्राश्च स्त्रियो$नृत- मिति स्थितिः Ms.9.18.
    -6 destitute of manly vigour, impotent (Ved.).
    -इन्धन a. destitute of fuel.
    -ईति a. free from the calamities of the season; निरातङ्का निरीतयः R.1.63; see ईति.
    -ईश्वर a. godless, atheistic. -˚वाद atheistic doctrine.
    -ईषम् the body of a plough.
    -ईह a.
    1 desireless, indifferent; निरीहाणामीशस्तृणमिव तिरस्कारविषयः Mu.3.16.
    -2 inactive; निरीहस्य हतद्विषः R.1.24.
    (-हा), -निरीहता, -त्वम् 1 inactivity.
    -2 indifference.
    -उच्छ्वास a.
    1 breathless, without breathing; निरुच्छ्वासं हरिं चक्रुः Rām.7.7.6.
    -2 narrow, contracted; उपेयुषो वर्त्म निरन्तराभिरसौ निरुच्छ्वासमनीकिनीभिः Śi.3.32.
    -3 dead; निरुच्छ्वासाः पुनः केचित् पतिता जगतीतले Rām.6.58.13. (
    -सः) absence of breath; लोका निरुच्छ्वासनिपीडिता भृशम् Bhāg.4. 8.8.
    -उत्तर a.
    1 answerless, without a reply.
    -2 un- able to answer, silenced.
    -3 having no superior.
    -उत्थ a. irrecoverable.
    -उद्धति a. not jolting (a chariot); अभूतल- स्पर्शतया निरुद्धतिः Ś.7.1. (v. l.)
    -उत्सव a. without festivi- ties; विरतं गेयमृतुर्निरुत्सवः R.8.66.
    -उत्साह a.
    1 inactive, indolent.
    -2 devoid of energy.
    (-हः) 1 absence of energy.
    -2 indolence.
    -उत्सुक a.
    1 indifferent.
    -2 calm, tranquil.
    - उदक a. waterless.
    1 having no belly or trunk.
    -2 thin (अतुन्दिल); श्रीमान्निरुदरो महान् Rām.3.16.31.
    -उद्यम, -उद्योग a. effortless, inactive, lazy, idle.
    उद्विग्न, -उद्वेग a. free from excitement or perturbation, sedate, calm.
    -उपक्रम a.
    1 without a commencement.
    -2 incurable.
    -उपद्रव a.
    1 free from calamity or affliction, not visited by danger or adver- sity, lucky, happy, undisturbed, unmolested, free from hostile attacks.
    -2 free from national distress or tyranny.
    -3 causing no affliction.
    -4 auspicious (as a star).
    -5 secure, peaceful.
    -उपधि a. guileless, honest; U.2.2. ˚जीवन a. leading an honest life. (v. l.).
    -उपपत्ति a. unsuitable.
    1 without any title or designation; अरे आर्यचारुदत्तं निरुपपदेन नाम्नालपसि Mk.1.18/19.
    -2 unconnected with a subordinate word.
    -उपप्लव a.
    1 free from disturbance, obstacle or calamity, unharmed; निरुपप्लवानि नः कर्माणि संवृत्तानि Ś3.
    -2 not causing any affliction or misery.
    -3 an epithet of Śiva.
    -उपभोग a. without enjoyment; संसरति निरुपभोगं भावैरधिवासितं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.4.
    - उपम a. peerless, matchless, incomparable.
    -उपसर्ग free from portents.
    -उपस्कृत a. not corrupted, pure; of self-denying temperament; शमेन तपसा चैव भक्त्या च निरुपस्कृतः । शुद्धात्मा ब्राह्मणो रात्रौ निदर्शनमपश्यत ॥ Mb.12.271.14.
    1 not injured, unhurt.
    -2 auspicious, lucky.
    -उपाख्य a.
    1 unreal, false, non-existent (as वन्ध्यापुत्र).
    -2 immaterial.
    -3 invisible. (
    -ख्यम्) the supreme Brahman.
    -उपाधि (क) a. without qualities, absolute.
    -उपाय a.
    1 without expedients, helpless.
    -2 unsuc- cessful.
    -उपेक्ष a.
    1 free from trick or fraud.
    -2 not neglectful.
    -उष्मन् a. devoid of heat, cold.
    -गन्ध a. void of smell, scentless, unfragrant, inodorous; निर्गन्धा इव किंशुकाः. ˚पुष्पी f. the Śālmali tree.
    -गर्व a. free from pride.
    -गवाक्ष a. windowless.
    -गुण a.
    1 stringless (as a bow).
    -2 devoid of all properties.
    -3 devoid of good qualities, bad, worthless; निर्गुणः शोभते नैव विपुलाड- म्बरो$पि ना Bv.1.115.
    -4 without attributes; साकारं च निराकारं सगुणं निर्गुणं विभुम् Brahmavai. P.
    -5 having no epithet. (
    -णः) the Supreme Spirit. ˚आत्मक a. having no qualities.
    -गृहः a. houseless, homeless; सुगृही निर्गृही- कृता Pt.39.
    -गौरव a.
    1 without dignity, undignified.
    -2 devoid of respect.
    -ग्रन्थ a.
    1 freed from all ties or hindrances; आत्मारामाश्च मुनयो निर्ग्रन्था अप्युरुक्रमे । कुर्वन्त्यहैतुकीं भक्तिम् Bhāg.1.7.1.
    -2 poor, possessionless, beggarly.
    -3 alone, unassisted.
    (-न्थः) 1 an idiot, a fool.
    -2 a gambler.
    -3 a saint or devotee who has renounced all worldly attachments and wanders about naked and lives as a hermit.
    -4 A Buddha Muni.
    -ग्रन्थक a.
    1 clever, expert.
    -2 unaccompanied, alone.
    -3 deserted, abandoned.
    -4 fruitless. (
    -कः 1 a religious mendicant.
    -2 a naked devotee.
    -3 a gam- bler.
    -ग्रन्थिक a. clever. (
    -कः) a naked mendicant, a Jaina mendicant of the Digambara class.
    -घटम् 1 a free market.
    -2 a crowded market.
    -घण्टः See निघण्टः.
    -घृण a.
    1 cruel, merciless, pitiless.
    -2 shame- less, immodest.
    -घृणा cruelty.
    -घोष a. noiseless, still, calm.
    -जन a.
    1 tenantless, uninhabited, unfrequented, lonely, desolate.
    -2 without any retinue or attendants; भूयश्चैवाभिरक्षन्तु निर्धनान्निर्जना इव Mb.12.151.7. (
    -नम्) a desert, solitude, lonely place.
    -जन्तु a. free from living germs; H. Yoga.
    -जर a.
    1 young, fresh.
    -2 imperishable, immortal. (
    -रः) a deity, god; (nom. pl. निर्जराः -निर्जरसः) (
    -रम्) ambrosia, nectar.
    -जरायु a. Ved. skinless.
    -जल a.
    1 waterless, desert, destitute of water.
    -2 not mixed with water. (
    -लः) a waste, desert. ˚एकादशी N. of the eleventh day in the bright half of Jyeṣṭha.
    -जाड्य free from coldness.
    -जिह्वः a frog.
    -जीव a.
    1 lifeless.
    -2 dead; चिता दहति निर्जीवं चिन्ता दहति जीवितम्.
    -ज्ञाति a. having no kinsmen, alone.
    -ज्वर a. feverless, healthy.
    -दण्डः a Śūdra.
    -दय a.
    1 merci- less, cruel, pitiless, unmerciful, unkind.
    -2 passion- ate.
    -3 very close, firm or fast, strong, excessive, violent; मुग्धे विधेहि मयि निर्दयदन्तदंशम् Gīt.1; निर्दयरति- श्रमालसाः R.19.32; निर्दयाश्लेषहेतोः Me.18.
    -4 unpitied by any; निर्दया निर्नमस्कारास्तन्मनोरनुशासनम् Ms.9.239.
    -दयम् ind.
    1 unmercifully, cruelly.
    -2 violently, excessively; न प्रहर्तुमलमस्मि निर्दयम् R.11.84.
    -दश a. more than ten days old; यदा पशुर्निर्दशः स्यादथ मेध्यो भवे- दिति Bhāg.9.7.11.
    - दशन a. toothless.
    -दाक्षिण्य a. uncourteous.
    -दुःख a.
    1 free from pain, painless.
    -2 not causing pain.
    -दैन्य a. happy, comfortable.
    -दोष a.
    1 faultless, defectless; न निर्दोषं न निर्गुणम्
    -2 guiltless, innocent.
    -द्रव्य a.
    1 immaterial.
    -2 without property, poor.
    -द्रोह a. not hostile, friendly, well-disposed, not malicious.
    -द्वन्द्व a.
    1 indifferent in regard to opposite pairs of feelings (pleasure or pain), neither glad nor sorry; निर्द्वन्द्वो निर्ममो भूत्वा चरिष्यामि मृगैः सह Mb.1.85.16; निर्द्वन्द्वो नित्यसत्त्वस्थो निर्योगक्षेम आत्मवान् Bg.2.45.
    -2 not dependent upon another, independent.
    -3 free from jealousy or envy.
    -4 not double.
    -5 not contested, un- disputed.
    -6 not acknowledging two principles.
    -धन a. without property, poor, indigent; शशिनस्तुल्यवंशो$पि निर्धनः परिभूयते Chāṇ.82. (
    -नः) an old ox. ˚ता, ˚त्वम् poverty, indigence.
    -धर्म a. unrighteous, impious, unholy.
    -धूम a. smokeless.
    -धौत a. cleansed, rendered clean; निर्धौत- दानामलगण्डभित्तिर्वन्यः सरित्तो गज उन्ममज्ज R.5.43.
    -नमस्कार a.
    1 not courteous or civil, not respecting any one.
    -2 disrespected, despised.
    -नर a. abandoned by men, deserted.
    -नाणक a. coinless, penniless; Mk.2.
    -नाथ a. without a guardian or master. ˚ता
    1 want of protection.
    -2 widowhood.
    -3 orphanage.
    -नाभि a. going or reaching beyond the navel; निर्नाभि कौशेयमुपात्तबाणम् Ku.7.7.
    -नायक a. having no leader or ruler, anarchic.
    -नाशन, -नाशिन् a. expelling, banishing.
    -निद्र a. sleepless, wakeful.
    -निमित्त a.
    1 causeless.
    -2 disinterested.
    -निमेष a. not twinkling.
    -बन्धु a. without kindred or relation, friendless.
    -बल n. powerless, weak, feeble.
    -बाध a.
    1 unobstructed.
    -2 unfrequented, lonely, solitary.
    -3 unmolested.
    (-धः) 1 a part of the marrow.
    -2 a knob.
    -बीज a. seedless, impotent. (
    -जा) a sort of grape (Mar. बेदाणा).
    -बुद्धि a. stupid, ignorant, foolish.
    -बुष, -बुस a. unhusked, freed from chaff.
    -भक्त a. taken without eating (as a medicine).
    -भय a.
    1 fearless, undaunted.
    -2 free from danger, safe, secure; निर्भयं तु भवेद्यस्य राष्ट्रं बाहुबलाश्रितम् Ms.9.255.
    -भर a.
    1 excessive, vehement, violent, much, strong; त्रपाभरनिर्भर- स्मरशर &c. Gīt.12; तन्व्यास्तिष्ठतु निर्भरप्रणयिता मानो$पि रम्यो- दयः Amaru.47.
    -2 ardent.
    -3 fast, close (as embrace); कुचकुम्भनिर्भरपरीरम्भामृतं वाञ्छति Gīt.; परिरभ्य निर्भरम् Gīt.1.
    -4 sound, deep (as sleep).
    -5 full of, filled with (at the end of comp.); आनन्द˚, गर्व˚ &c. (
    -रः) a servant receiving no wages. (
    -रम्) excess. (
    -रम् ind.)
    1 ex- cessively, exceedingly, intensely.
    -2 soundly.
    -भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky.
    -भाज्य a. to be separated; स निर्भाज्यः स्वकादंशात् किंचिद्दत्वोपजीवनम् Ms.9.27.
    -भृतिः a. without wages, hireless.
    -भोगः a. not fond of plea- sures.
    -मक्षिक a. 'free from flies', undisturbed, private, lonely. (
    -कम्) ind. without flies, i. e. lonely, private; कृतं भवतेदानीं निर्मक्षिकम् Ś.2,6.
    -मज्ज a. fatless, meagre.
    -मत्सर a. free from envy, unenvious; निर्मत्सरे मत्समे वत्स... वसुन्धराभारमारोप्य Rāmāyaṇachampū.
    -मत्स्य a. fishless.
    -मद a.
    1 not intoxicated, sober, quiet.
    -2 not proud, humble.
    -3 sad, sorry.
    -4 not in rut (as an elephant).
    -मनुज, -मनुष्य a. tenantless, uninhabited, deserted by men.
    -मन्तु a. faultless, innocent.
    -मन्त्र a.
    1 a ceremony, unaccompanied by holy texts.
    -2 not familiar with holy texts; Mb.12.36.43.
    -मन्यु, -मन्युक a. free from anger; Mb.5.133.4.
    -मम a.
    1 free from all connections with the outer world, who has renounced all worldly ties; संसारमिव निर्ममः (ततार) R.12.6; Bg.2.71; निराशीर्निर्ममो भूत्वा युध्यस्व विगतज्वरः 3.3.
    -2 unselfish, disinterested.
    -3 indifferent to (with loc.); निर्ममे निर्ममो$र्थेषु मथुरां मधुराकृतिः R.15.28; प्राप्तेष्वर्थेषु निर्ममाः Mb.
    -4 an epithet of Śiva.
    -मर्याद a.
    1 boundless, immeasurable.
    -2 transgressing the limits of right or propriety, unrestrained, unruly, sinful, criminal; मनुजपशुभिर्निर्मर्यादैर्भवद्भिरुदायुधैः Ve.3.22.
    -3 confused.
    -4 insolent, immodest. (
    -दम्) ind. confusedly, topsy- turvy. (
    -दम्) confusion, disorder.
    -मल a.
    1 free from dirt or impurities, clear, pure, stainless, unsullied (fig. also); नीरान्निर्मलतो जनिः Bv.1.63.
    -2 resplendent, bright; Bh.1.56.
    -3 sinless, virtuous; निर्मलाः स्वर्गमायान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा Ms.8.318.
    (-लम्) 1 talc.
    -2 the remainings of an offering made to a deity. ˚उपलः a crystal.
    - मशक a. free from gnats.
    -मांस a. fleshless; स्वल्प- स्नायुवसावशेषमलिनं निर्मांसमप्यस्थिकम् Bh.2.3.
    -मान a.
    1 without self-confidence.
    -2 free from pride.
    -मानुष a. uninhabited, desolate.
    -मार्ग a. roadless, pathless.
    -मिथ्य a. not false, true; H. Yoga.
    -मुटः 1 a tree bearing large blossoms.
    -2 the sun.
    -3 a rogue. (
    -टम्) a large free market or fair.
    -मूल a.
    1 rootless (as a tree).
    -2 baseless, unfounded (statement, charge &c.).
    -3 eradicated.
    -मेघ a. cloudless.
    -मेध a. without un- derstanding, stupid, foolish, dull.
    -मोह a. free from illusion. (
    -हः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -यत्न a. inactive, lazy, dull.
    -यन्त्रण a.
    1 unrestrained, unobstructed, uncontrolled, unrestricted.
    -2 unruly, self-willed, in- dependent.
    (-णम्) 1 squeezing out.
    -2 absence of restraint, independence.
    -यशस्क a. without fame, dis- creditable, inglorious.
    -युक्त a.
    1 constructed, built.
    -2 directed.
    -3 (in music) limited to metre and mea- sure.
    -युक्ति f.
    1 disunion.
    -2 absence of connection or government.
    -3 unfitness, impropriety.
    -युक्तिक a.
    1 disjoined, unconnected.
    -2 illogical, unmeaning.
    -3 unfit, improper.
    -यूथ a. separated from the herd, strayed from the flock (as an elephant).
    -यूष = निर्यास.
    -योगक्षेम a. free from care (about acquisition); Bg.2. 45.
    -रक्त a. (
    -नीरक्त) colourless, faded.
    -रज, -रजस्क a.
    (-नीरज, नीरजस्क) 1 free from dust.
    -2 devoid of passion or darkness. (
    -जः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -रजस् (नरिजस्) a. see
    नीरज. (-f.) a woman not men- struating. ˚तमसा absence of passion or darkness.
    -रत (नीरत) a. not attached to, indifferent.
    -रन्ध्र a.
    (नीरन्ध्र) 1 without holes or interstices, very close or contiguous, thickly situated; नीरन्ध्रनीरनिचुलानि सरित्तटानि U.2.23.
    -2 thick, dense.
    -3 coarse, gross.
    -रव a. (
    -नीरव) not making any noise, noiseless; गतिविभ्रमसाद- नीरवा (रसना) R.8.58.
    -रस a.
    (नीरस) 1 tasteless, unsavoury, flavourless.
    -2 (fig.) insipid, without any poetic charm; नीरसानां पद्मानाम् S. D.1.
    -3 sapless, without juice, withered or dried up; Ś. Til.9.
    -4 vain, use- less, fruitless; अलब्धफलनीरसान् मम विधाय तस्मिन् जने V.2.11.
    -5 disagreeable.
    -6 cruel, merciless. (
    -सः) the pomegranate.
    - रसन a. (
    नीरसन) having no girdle (रसना); Ki.5.11.
    -रुच् a. (
    नीरुच्) without lustre, faded, dim; परिमलरुचिराभिर्न्यक्कृतास्तु प्रभाते युवतिभिरुप- भोगान्नीरुचः पुष्पमालाः Śi.11.27.
    -रुज्, -रुज a. (नीरुज्, नीरुज) free from sickness, healthy, sound; नीरुजस्य किमौषधैः H.1.
    -रूप a. (नीरूप) formless, shapeless.
    (-पः) 1 air, wind.
    -2 a god. (
    -पम्) ether.
    -रोग a. (नीरोग) free from sickness or disease, healthy, sound; यथा नेच्छति नीरोगः कदाचित् सुचिकित्सकम् Pt.1.118.
    -लक्षण a.
    1 having no auspicious marks, ill-featured.
    -2 undisting- uished.
    -3 unimportant, insignificant.
    -4 unspotted.
    -5 having a white back.
    -लक्ष्य a. invisible.
    -लज्ज a. shameless, impudent.
    -लाञ्छनम् the marking of dome- stic animals (by perforating the nose &c.).
    -लिङ्ग a. having no distinguishing or characteristic marks.
    -लिप्त a.
    1 unanointed.
    -2 undefiled, unsullied.
    -3 indifferent to.
    (-प्तः) 1 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -2 a sage.
    -लून a. cut through or off.
    -लेप a.
    1 unsmeared, unanointed; निर्लेपं काञ्चनं भाण्डमद्भिरेव विशुध्यति Ms.5.112.
    -2 stainless, sinless. (
    -पः) a sage.
    -लोभ a. free from desire or avarice, unavaricious.
    -लोमन् a. devoid of hair, hairless.
    -वंश a. without posterity, childless.
    1 not speaking, silent.
    -2 unobjectionable, blameless; (for other senses see the word separately).
    -नम् ind. silently; माल्येन तां निर्वचनं जघान Ku.7.19.
    -वण, -वन a.
    1 being out of a wood.
    -2 free from woods.
    -3 bare, open.
    -वत्सल a. not loving or fondling (esp. children); निर्वत्सले सुतशतस्य विपत्तिमेतां त्वं नानुचिन्तयसि Ve.5.3.
    -वर = निर्दरम् q. v.
    -वसु a. destitute of wealth, poor.
    -वाच्य a.
    1 not fit to be said.
    -2 blameless, unobjectionable; सखीषु निर्वाच्य- मधार्ष्ट्यदूषितं प्रियाङ्गसंश्लेषमवाप मानिनी Ki.8.48.
    -वात a. free or sheltered from wind, calm, still; हिमनिष्यन्दिनी प्रातर्निर्वातेव वनस्थली R.15.66. (
    -तः) a place sheltered from or not exposed to wind; निर्वाते व्यजनम् H.2.124.
    -वानर a. free from monkeys.
    -वायस a. free from crows.
    -वार्य a.
    1 irresistible.
    -2 acting fearlessly or boldly.
    -विकल्प, -विकल्पक a.
    1 not admitting an alternative.
    -2 being without determination or resolu- tion.
    -3 not capable of mutual relation.
    -4 conditioned.
    -5 undeliberative.
    -6 recognizing no such distinction as that of subject and object, or of the knower and the known; as applied to समाधि or contemplation, it is 'an exclusive concentration upon the one entity without distinct and separate consciousness of the knower, the known, and the knowing, and without even self-consciousness'; निर्विकल्पकः ज्ञातृज्ञानादिविकल्पभेद- लयापेक्षः; नो चेत् चेतः प्रविश सहसा निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Bh.3.61; आत्मारामा विहितरतयो निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Ve.1.23.
    -7 (in phil.) not arising from the relation of the qualifier and the qualified, (विशेषणविशेष्यसंबन्धानवगाहि प्रत्यक्षं ज्ञानम्) said of knowledge not derived from the senses, as घटत्व. (
    -ल्पम्) ind. without hesitation or wavering.
    -विकार a.
    1 unchanged, unchangeable, immutable.
    -2 not dispos- ed; तौ स्थास्यतस्ते नृपती निदेशे परस्परावग्रहनिर्विकारौ M.5.14.
    -3 disinterested; तरुविटपलतानां बान्धवो निर्विकारः Ṛs.2.28. (
    -रः) the Supreme deity.
    -विकास a. unblown.
    -विघ्न a. uninterrupted, unobstructed, free from impediments; निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा. (
    -घ्नम्) absence of impedi- ment.
    -विचार a. not reflecting, thoughtless, incon- siderate; रे रे स्वैरिणि निर्विचारकविते मास्मत्प्रकाशीभव Chandr. 1.2. (
    -रम्) ind. thoughtlessly, unhesitatingly.
    -वि- चिकित्स a. free from doubt or reflection.
    -विचेष्ट a. motionless, insensible; यो हि दिष्टमुपासीनो निर्विचेष्टः सुखं शयेत् Mb.3.32.14.
    -वितर्क a. unreflecting.
    -विनोद a. without amusement, void of pastime, diversion or solace; शङ्के रात्रौ गुरुतरशुचं निर्विनोदां सखीं ते Me.9.
    -विन्ध्या N. of a river in the Vindhya hills; निर्विन्ध्यायाः पथि भव रसाभ्यन्तरः सन्निपत्य Me.28.
    -विमर्श a.
    1 void of reflec- tion, thoughtless.
    -2 not having विमर्श Sandhi.
    -विवर a.
    1 having no opening or cavity.
    2 without interstices or interval, close, compact; घटते हि संहततया जनितामिदमेव निर्विवरतां दधतोः Śi.9.44.
    -विवाद a.
    1 not contending or disagreeing.
    -2 undisputed, not contra- dicted or disputed, universally acknowledged.
    -विवेक a. indiscreet, void of judgment, wanting in discrimination, foolish.
    -विशङ्क a. fearless, undaunted, confident; Ms.7.176; यस्मिन्कृत्यं समावेश्य निर्विशङ्केन चेतसा । आस्यते सेवकः स स्यात् कलत्रमिव चापरम् ॥ Pt.1.85.
    -विशेष a. showing or making no difference, indiscriminating, without dis- tinction; निर्विशेषा वयं त्वयि Mb.; निर्विशेषो विशेषः Bh.3.5. 'a difference without distinction'.
    -2 having no difference, same, like, not differing from (oft. in comp.); निर्विशेषाकृति 'having the same form'; प्रवातनीलो- त्पलनिर्विशेषम् Ku.1.46; स निर्विशेषप्रतिपत्तिरासीत् R.14.22.
    -3 indiscriminate, promiscuous. (
    -षः) absence of difference. (निर्विशेषम् and निर्विशेषेण are used adverbially in the sense of 'without difference', 'equally', indiscrimi- nately'; क्रुद्धेन विप्रमुक्तो$यं निर्विशेषं प्रियाप्रिये Rām.7.22.41. स्वगृहनिर्विशेषमत्र स्थीयताम् H.1; R.5.6.).
    -विशेषण a. without attributes.
    -विष a. poisonless (as a snake); निर्विषा डुण्डुभाः स्मृताः.
    -विषङ्ग a. not attached, indifferent.
    -विषय a.
    1 expelled or driven away from one's home, residence or proper place; मनोनिर्विषयार्थकामया Ku.5.38; R.9.32; also
    -निर्विषयीकृत; वने प्राक्कलनं तीर्थं ये ते निर्विषयी- कृताः Rām.2.14.4.
    -2 having no scope or sphere of action; किंच एवं काव्यं प्रविरलविषयं निर्विषयं वा स्यात् S. D.1.
    -3 not attached to sensual objects (as mind).
    -विषाण a. destitute of horns.
    -विहार a. having no pleasure.
    -वीज, -बीज a.
    1 seedless.
    -2 impotent.
    -3 causeless.
    -वीर a.
    1 deprived of heroes; निर्वीरमुर्वीतलम् P. R.1.31.
    -2 cowardly.
    -वीरा a woman whose husband and children are dead.
    -वीर्य a. powerless, feeble, unmanly, impotent; निर्वीर्यं गुरुशापभाषितवशात् किं मे तवेवायुधम् Ve.3.34.
    -वीरुध, -वृक्ष a. treeless.
    -वृत्ति f. accomplishment, achievement; अत आसां निर्वृत्त्या अपवर्गः स्यात् । आतण्डुलनिर्वृत्तेः आ च पिष्टनिर्वृत्तेरभ्यास इति ॥ ŚB. on MS.11.1.27. -a. having no occupation, destitute. See निर्वृति.
    -वृष a. depriv- ed of bulls.
    -वेग a. not moving, quiet, calm.
    -वेतन a honorary, unsalaried.
    -वेद a. not acknowledging the Vedas, an atheist, infidel.
    -वेष्टनम् a. a weaver's shuttle.
    -वैर a. free from enmity, amicable, peaceable. (
    -रम्) absence of enmity.
    -वैलक्ष्य a. shameless.
    -व्यञ्जन a.
    1 straight-forward.
    -2 without condiment. (
    -नम् ind.) plainly, in a straight-forward or honest manner.
    -व्यथ, -न a.
    1 free from pain.
    -2 quiet, calm.
    -व्यथनम् a hole; छिद्रं निर्व्यथनम् Ak.
    -व्यपेक्ष a. indifferent to, regardless of; मृग्यश्च दर्भाङ्कुरनिर्व्यपेक्षास्तवागतिज्ञं समबोधयन् माम् R.13.25;14.39.
    -व्यलीक a.
    1 not hurting or offending.
    -2 without pain.
    -3 pleased, doing anything willingly.
    -4 sincere, genuine, undissembling.
    -व्यवधान a. (ground) uncovered, bare.
    -व्यवश्थ a. moving hither and thither.
    -व्यसन a. free from bad inclination.
    -व्याकुल a. calm.
    -व्याघ्र a. not haunted or infested by tigers.
    -व्याज a.
    1 candid, upright, honest, plain.
    -2 without fraud, true, genuine.
    -3 got by heroism or daring deeds (not by fraud or cowardly conduct); अशस्त्रपूतनिर्व्याजम् (महामांसम्) Māl.5.12. (v. l.)
    -4 not hypocritical; धर्मस्य निर्व्याजता (विभूषणम्) Bh.2.82. (
    -जम् ind.) plainly, honestly, candidly; निर्व्याजमालिङ्गितः Amaru.85.
    -व्याजीकृत a. made plain, freed from deceit.
    -व्यापार a.
    1 without employment or business, free from occupation; तं दधन्मैथिलीकण्ठनिर्व्यापारेण बाहुना R.15.56.
    -2 motionless; U.6.
    -व्यावृत्ति a. not invol- ving any return (to worldly existence).
    -व्रण a.
    1 un- hurt, without wounds.
    -2 without rents.
    -व्रत a. not observing vows.
    -व्रीड a. shameless, impudent.
    -हिमम् cessation of winter.
    -हेति a. weaponless.
    -हेतु a. cause- less, having no cause or reason.
    -ह्रीक a.
    1 shameless, impudent.
    -2 bold, daring.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > निर् _nir

  • 8 cambiar

    v.
    cambiar de to change
    cambiar de casa to move (house)
    cambiar de trabajo to move o change jobs
    María cambió la enagua y se ve bien Mary changed the skirt and it looks nice.
    El dolor cambió a Pedro Grief changed Peter.
    María cambió los tragos Mary changed the drinks.
    2 to change gear (automobiles) (de marchas).
    3 to exchange, to barter, to switch, to change.
    María cambió la enagua y se ve bien Mary changed the skirt and it looks nice.
    El dolor cambió a Pedro Grief changed Peter.
    María cambió los tragos Mary changed the drinks.
    Ella cambió lugares con la mesera She exchanged places with the waitress.
    Todo cambia Everything changes.
    4 to get change.
    Ricardo cambió para el teléfono Richard got change for the phone.
    5 to change on.
    Me cambió toda la perspectiva The whole perspective changed on me.
    * * *
    (unstressed i)
    Present Indicative
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperative
    cambia (tú), cambie (él/Vd.), cambiemos (nos.), cambiad (vos.), cambien (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) exchange, swap
    3) move
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=modificar) to change
    2) (=intercambiar) to exchange, swap *

    te cambio el rotulador verde por el rojo — I'll exchange my green pen for that red one, I'll swap you the green pen for the red one *

    ¿me cambias el sitio? — can we change places?, can we swap places? *

    3) (=reemplazar) to change

    ¿les has cambiado el agua a los peces? — have you changed the water in the fish tank?

    ¿me lo puede cambiar por otra talla? — could I change o exchange this for another size?

    4) (=trasladar) to move
    5) (Econ, Com) to change

    tengo que cambiar 800 euros en o LAm a libras — I have to change 800 euros into pounds

    ¿tienes para cambiarme 50 euros? — have you got change for a 50-euro note?

    2. VI
    1) (=volverse diferente) [persona, situación] to change; [voz] to break

    si es así, la cosa cambia — if it's true, that changes things, well that's a different story then

    2)

    • cambiar de — [+ actitud, canal, dirección] to change; [+ casa] to move

    cuando no le interesa algo, cambia de tema — whenever he isn't interested in something, he changes the subject

    • cambiar de dueño — to change hands

    • cambiar de idea u opinión — to change one's mind

    • cambiar para mejor/peor — to change for the better/worse

    camisa 1), tercio 2)
    3) (Transportes) to change
    4) (Radio)

    ¡cambio! — over!

    ¡cambio y corto!, ¡cambio y fuera! — over and out!

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (alterar, modificar) <horario/imagen/persona> to change
    b) (de lugar, posición)

    cambiar algo/a alguien DE algo: cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around; nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office; cambié las flores de florero — I put the flowers in a different vase

    c) ( reemplazar) <pieza/fecha/sábanas> to change
    d) <niño/bebé> to change
    2) ( canjear) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE); < compra> to exchange, change

    si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar — if it doesn't fit, you can exchange o change it

    cambiar algo por algo — <sellos/estampas> to swap o (esp AmE) trade something for something; < compra> to exchange o change something for something

    te cambio este libro por tu pluma — I'll swap you o trade this book for your pen

    cambiarle algo a alguien: ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? — do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    3) (Fin) to change

    ¿me puedes cambiar este billete? — can you change this bill (AmE) o (BrE) note for me?

    cambiar algo a or (Esp) en algo — to change something into something

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares — I changed 100 pounds into dollars

    2.
    1)
    a) ciudad/persona ( alterarse) to change

    cambiar para peor/mejor — to change for the worse/better

    está/lo noto muy cambiado — he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

    así la cosa cambia — oh well, that's different

    b) (Auto) to change gear
    c) ( hacer transbordo) to change

    cambio y corto or fuera — over and out

    2) cambiar de to change

    cambiar de idea or opinión — to change one's mind

    3.
    cambiarse v pron
    a) (refl) ( de ropa) to change, to get changed
    b) (refl) <camisa/nombre/peinado> to change

    ¿te cambiaste los calcetines? — did you change your socks?

    c)
    d) (recípr) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE)
    e) cambiarse de to change
    f) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move
    * * *
    = alter, change, reshape [re-shape], reverse, revolutionise [revolutionize, -USA], shift, turn into, undergo + transformation, amend, redraw [re-draw], swing, morph, reengineer [re-engineer], metamorphose, refashion, move along, reschedule, convert, take + a turn, turn + Nombre + (a)round, shunt between, switch.
    Ex. Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.
    Ex. A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.
    Ex. I do not think I am alone in believing there is a need for significant change, for reshaping our educational programs as well as our institutional goals and philosophies.
    Ex. Entry of the number '11' reverses the present blacklisting status.
    Ex. It was pointed out that the practices of the profession were not being totally revolutionized overnight.
    Ex. In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.
    Ex. But the incompleteness of information can be turned into an asset by challenging students to specify what additional information they would like and how they would attempt to get it.
    Ex. This is because names of women authors frequently undergo transformations as a result of marriage and divorce; political jurisdictions also are annexed or gain independence and sometimes a new name; etc.
    Ex. This article shows how to amend and cancel orders and how to arrange delivery by telefacsimile.
    Ex. the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.
    Ex. The article has the title 'The pendulum swings to the right: censorship in the eighties'.
    Ex. The librarians have the capabilities to morph sucessfully to keep in sync, so to speak, with the new technologies.
    Ex. Libraries in general, and the corporate library in particular, must reengineer to take their rightful place in the new age.
    Ex. Each of these three standards metamorphosed and had an impact far beyond the anticipation of all but the most far-sighted.
    Ex. The basic thesis of the book under review is that throughout his career Rembrandt restlessly fashioned and refashioned his self.
    Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex. The 2005 second edition originally slated for 4th of May 2005 has been rescheduled for 2-4 August 2005.
    Ex. All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.
    Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex. Till then, he will continue living out of a suitcase and shunt between the two continents.
    Ex. Role reversal seeks to answer some of these questions by having ordinary men and women switch genders for a month.
    ----
    * actitud + cambiar = attitude + go.
    * ansias de cambiar de sitio = itchy feet.
    * cambiando = a-changing.
    * cambiando de asunto = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiar a = switch over, switch to, transmute into, move to, change over to.
    * cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.
    * cambiar Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.
    * cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar de... a... = switch from... to....
    * cambiar de actitud = change + attitude.
    * cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.
    * cambiar de aires = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de cantinela = change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de cara = arrange + countenance.
    * cambiar de dueño = change + hands.
    * cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de estrategia = change + tack.
    * cambiar de fondos = turn over.
    * cambiar de forma = shape-shift.
    * cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar de formato = reformat [re-format].
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambiar de manos = change + hands.
    * cambiar de marcha = gear.
    * cambiar de nuevo al estado anterior = change back.
    * cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de parecer = change + Posesivo + mind, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.
    * cambiar de propietario = change + hands.
    * cambiar de proveedor = churn.
    * cambiar de residencia = relocate.
    * cambiar de rumbo = branch off + on a side trail, change + tack.
    * cambiar de servicio = churn.
    * cambiar de sitio = shuffle.
    * cambiar de táctica = change + tack.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * cambiar de velocidad = gear.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambiar el decorado = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el énfasis = shift + focus, shift + emphasis.
    * cambiar el paisaje = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el precio = reprice.
    * cambiar el ritmo = change + the pace.
    * cambiar el techo de un edificio = re-roof.
    * cambiar el título = retitle.
    * cambiar el tono = modulate.
    * cambiar la instalación eléctrica = rewire.
    * cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.
    * cambiar las espadas por arados = turn + swords into ploughshares.
    * cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar las prioridades de... a... = shift + emphasis from... to....
    * cambiar las tornas = turn + the tables (on).
    * cambiar la vida = change + life.
    * cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.
    * cambiar lo acontencido = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar marchas = shift + gears.
    * cambiar para bien = change for + the better.
    * cambiar para mejor = change for + the better.
    * cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.
    * cambiar rápidamente = jump.
    * cambiarse de casa = move + house.
    * cambiarse de ropa = change.
    * cambiarse rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.
    * cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.
    * cambiar velocidades = gear.
    * cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.
    * dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.
    * habitación para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * hacer cambiar = swing + Persona.
    * hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.
    * las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.
    * la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.
    * no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.
    * que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.
    * que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.
    * que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].
    * sala para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * situación + cambiar = tide + turn.
    * vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (alterar, modificar) <horario/imagen/persona> to change
    b) (de lugar, posición)

    cambiar algo/a alguien DE algo: cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around; nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office; cambié las flores de florero — I put the flowers in a different vase

    c) ( reemplazar) <pieza/fecha/sábanas> to change
    d) <niño/bebé> to change
    2) ( canjear) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE); < compra> to exchange, change

    si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar — if it doesn't fit, you can exchange o change it

    cambiar algo por algo — <sellos/estampas> to swap o (esp AmE) trade something for something; < compra> to exchange o change something for something

    te cambio este libro por tu pluma — I'll swap you o trade this book for your pen

    cambiarle algo a alguien: ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? — do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    3) (Fin) to change

    ¿me puedes cambiar este billete? — can you change this bill (AmE) o (BrE) note for me?

    cambiar algo a or (Esp) en algo — to change something into something

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares — I changed 100 pounds into dollars

    2.
    1)
    a) ciudad/persona ( alterarse) to change

    cambiar para peor/mejor — to change for the worse/better

    está/lo noto muy cambiado — he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

    así la cosa cambia — oh well, that's different

    b) (Auto) to change gear
    c) ( hacer transbordo) to change

    cambio y corto or fuera — over and out

    2) cambiar de to change

    cambiar de idea or opinión — to change one's mind

    3.
    cambiarse v pron
    a) (refl) ( de ropa) to change, to get changed
    b) (refl) <camisa/nombre/peinado> to change

    ¿te cambiaste los calcetines? — did you change your socks?

    c)
    d) (recípr) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE)
    e) cambiarse de to change
    f) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move
    * * *
    = alter, change, reshape [re-shape], reverse, revolutionise [revolutionize, -USA], shift, turn into, undergo + transformation, amend, redraw [re-draw], swing, morph, reengineer [re-engineer], metamorphose, refashion, move along, reschedule, convert, take + a turn, turn + Nombre + (a)round, shunt between, switch.

    Ex: Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.

    Ex: A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.
    Ex: I do not think I am alone in believing there is a need for significant change, for reshaping our educational programs as well as our institutional goals and philosophies.
    Ex: Entry of the number '11' reverses the present blacklisting status.
    Ex: It was pointed out that the practices of the profession were not being totally revolutionized overnight.
    Ex: In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.
    Ex: But the incompleteness of information can be turned into an asset by challenging students to specify what additional information they would like and how they would attempt to get it.
    Ex: This is because names of women authors frequently undergo transformations as a result of marriage and divorce; political jurisdictions also are annexed or gain independence and sometimes a new name; etc.
    Ex: This article shows how to amend and cancel orders and how to arrange delivery by telefacsimile.
    Ex: the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.
    Ex: The article has the title 'The pendulum swings to the right: censorship in the eighties'.
    Ex: The librarians have the capabilities to morph sucessfully to keep in sync, so to speak, with the new technologies.
    Ex: Libraries in general, and the corporate library in particular, must reengineer to take their rightful place in the new age.
    Ex: Each of these three standards metamorphosed and had an impact far beyond the anticipation of all but the most far-sighted.
    Ex: The basic thesis of the book under review is that throughout his career Rembrandt restlessly fashioned and refashioned his self.
    Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex: The 2005 second edition originally slated for 4th of May 2005 has been rescheduled for 2-4 August 2005.
    Ex: All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.
    Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: Till then, he will continue living out of a suitcase and shunt between the two continents.
    Ex: Role reversal seeks to answer some of these questions by having ordinary men and women switch genders for a month.
    * actitud + cambiar = attitude + go.
    * ansias de cambiar de sitio = itchy feet.
    * cambiando = a-changing.
    * cambiando de asunto = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiar a = switch over, switch to, transmute into, move to, change over to.
    * cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.
    * cambiar Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.
    * cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar de... a... = switch from... to....
    * cambiar de actitud = change + attitude.
    * cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.
    * cambiar de aires = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de cantinela = change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de cara = arrange + countenance.
    * cambiar de dueño = change + hands.
    * cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de estrategia = change + tack.
    * cambiar de fondos = turn over.
    * cambiar de forma = shape-shift.
    * cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar de formato = reformat [re-format].
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambiar de manos = change + hands.
    * cambiar de marcha = gear.
    * cambiar de nuevo al estado anterior = change back.
    * cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de parecer = change + Posesivo + mind, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.
    * cambiar de propietario = change + hands.
    * cambiar de proveedor = churn.
    * cambiar de residencia = relocate.
    * cambiar de rumbo = branch off + on a side trail, change + tack.
    * cambiar de servicio = churn.
    * cambiar de sitio = shuffle.
    * cambiar de táctica = change + tack.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * cambiar de velocidad = gear.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambiar el decorado = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el énfasis = shift + focus, shift + emphasis.
    * cambiar el paisaje = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el precio = reprice.
    * cambiar el ritmo = change + the pace.
    * cambiar el techo de un edificio = re-roof.
    * cambiar el título = retitle.
    * cambiar el tono = modulate.
    * cambiar la instalación eléctrica = rewire.
    * cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.
    * cambiar las espadas por arados = turn + swords into ploughshares.
    * cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar las prioridades de... a... = shift + emphasis from... to....
    * cambiar las tornas = turn + the tables (on).
    * cambiar la vida = change + life.
    * cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.
    * cambiar lo acontencido = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar marchas = shift + gears.
    * cambiar para bien = change for + the better.
    * cambiar para mejor = change for + the better.
    * cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.
    * cambiar rápidamente = jump.
    * cambiarse de casa = move + house.
    * cambiarse de ropa = change.
    * cambiarse rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.
    * cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.
    * cambiar velocidades = gear.
    * cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.
    * dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.
    * habitación para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * hacer cambiar = swing + Persona.
    * hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.
    * las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.
    * la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.
    * no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.
    * que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.
    * que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.
    * que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].
    * sala para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * situación + cambiar = tide + turn.
    * vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.

    * * *
    cambiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen› to change
    eso no cambia nada that doesn't change anything
    esa experiencia lo cambió mucho that experience changed him greatly
    2 (de lugar, posición) cambiar algo/a algn DE algo:
    cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around
    voy a cambiar el sofá de lugar I'm going to put the sofa somewhere else o move the sofa
    nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office
    me cambiaron de clase they put me in another class, they changed me to o moved me into another class
    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    3 (reemplazar) ‹pieza/rueda/bombilla/sábanas› to change
    han cambiado la fecha del examen they've changed the date of the exam
    cambiarle algo A algo:
    le cambió la pila al reloj she changed the battery in the clock
    le han cambiado el nombre a la tienda they've changed the name of the shop
    cámbiale el pañal a la niña change the baby's diaper ( AmE) o ( BrE) nappy
    4 ‹niño/bebé› to change
    B (canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to trade ( AmE), to swap ( BrE)
    si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar if it doesn't fit, you can change it
    cambiar algo POR algo ‹sellos/estampos› to swap or ( esp AmE) trade sth FOR sth ‹compra› to exchange or change sth FOR sth:
    quiero cambiar esta blusa por otra or una más grande I'd like to change o exchange this blouse for a larger size
    te cambio este libro por tus lápices de colores I'll trade this book for your crayons, I'll swap you this book for your crayons
    cambiarle algo A algn:
    ¿quieres que te cambie el sitio? do you want to trade o swap o change o ( frml) exchange places?, do you want me to swap o change o ( frml) exchange places with you?
    C ( Fin) to change
    ¿dónde puedo cambiar dinero? where can I change money?
    ¿me puedes cambiar este billete? can you change this bill ( AmE) o ( BrE) note for me?
    cambiar algo A or ( Esp) EN algo to change sth INTO sth
    quiero cambiar estas libras a or en dólares I'd like to change these pounds into dollars
    ■ cambiar
    vi
    A
    1 «ciudad/persona» (variar, alterarse) to change
    ha cambiado para peor/mejor he's changed for the worse/better
    está/lo noto muy cambiado he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot
    ya verás como la vida te hace cambiar you'll change as you get older
    así la cosa cambia oh well, that's different o that changes things
    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    2 ( Auto) to change gear
    3 (hacer transbordo) to change
    4
    (en transmisiones): cambio over
    cambio y corto or fuera over and out
    B cambiar de to change
    cambiar de color to change color
    la tienda ha cambiado de dueño the shop has changed hands
    he cambiado de idea or opinión or parecer I've changed my mind
    el avión cambió de rumbo the plane changed course
    cambiar de marcha to change gear
    no cambies de tema don't change the subject
    cambió de canal he changed channel(s)
    1 ( refl) (de ropa) to change, to get changed
    2 ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change
    ¿te has cambiado los calcetines? have you changed your socks?
    3 cambiarse POR algn to change places WITH sb
    no me cambiaría por ella I wouldn't change places with her, I wouldn't trade ( AmE) o ( BrE) swap places with her ( colloq)
    4 ( recípr) ‹estampas/sellos› to trade ( AmE), to swap ( BrE)
    nos hemos cambiado los relojes we've traded o swapped watches
    5 cambiarse de to change
    me cambié de sitio I changed places
    cambiarse de casa to move house
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    6 (CS) (mudarse de casa) to move
    * * *

     

    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

    b) (de lugar, posición):


    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;


    cambiarle el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

    e) (Fin) to change;

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
    2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
    cambiar algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
    ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;


    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear


    ◊ cambiar de avión/tren to change planes/train

    d) cambiar de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;


    cambiar de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
    cambiarse verbo pronominal

    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

    cambiarse de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;

    cambiarse de casa to move house;
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiarse por algn to change places with sb

    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)


    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
    ' cambiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bando
    - camisa
    - chaqueta
    - desnaturalizar
    - girar
    - idea
    - impresión
    - infranqueable
    - lucha
    - parecer
    - torna
    - tornar
    - trasladar
    - volverse
    - arrepentirse
    - color
    - lado
    - lugar
    - marcha
    - mudar
    - reubicar
    - tema
    - transformar
    - tren
    - variar
    - voltear
    - vuelta
    English:
    about-face
    - about-turn
    - abruptly
    - alter
    - anyhow
    - change
    - change around
    - change over
    - dead
    - debate
    - doctor
    - frame
    - gear
    - hold
    - into
    - lighting
    - mind
    - modify
    - move
    - move about
    - move around
    - move on
    - prerogative
    - rearrange
    - replace
    - reverse
    - shift
    - shift about
    - shift around
    - stationary
    - steadily
    - subject
    - swap
    - swap for
    - swap round
    - swing
    - switch
    - switch over
    - tack
    - think
    - tune
    - vary
    - barter
    - break
    - budge
    - course
    - disguise
    - exchange
    - get
    - hand
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alterar, modificar] to change;
    han cambiado la fecha de salida they've changed o altered the departure date;
    quiere cambiar su imagen she wants to change her image;
    el divorcio lo ha cambiado por completo the divorce has changed him completely, he has changed completely since the divorce;
    cambió su sonrisa en llanto her smile turned to tears;
    tus disculpas no cambian nada your apologies don't change anything
    2. [trasladar] to move;
    tenemos que cambiar las sillas de lugar we have to move the chairs;
    cambiaron la sede central a Buenos Aires they moved their headquarters to Buenos Aires;
    lo van a cambiar a otro colegio they're going to move him to another school
    3. [reemplazar] [rueda, sábanas] to change;
    tenemos que cambiar la lavadora we have to get a new washing machine;
    tengo que cambiar el agua del acuario I have to change the water in the fish tank, I have to put some fresh water in the fish tank;
    cambiar un artículo defectuoso to exchange a faulty item;
    si no está satisfecho, lo puede cambiar if you're not satisfied with it, you can change it;
    tuve que cambiarle una rueda al coche I had to change one of the wheels on the car;
    cambiaré este tornillo por otro más largo I'll swap this screw for a longer one;
    Fam
    ¡cambia el disco o [m5]rollo, que ya aburres! you're getting boring! can't you talk about anything else?
    4. [intercambiar] to swap;
    cambiar cromos/sellos to swap picture cards/stamps;
    cambiar impresiones to compare notes, to exchange views;
    cambiar algo por algo to exchange sth for sth;
    cambié mi reloj por el suyo I swapped watches with him;
    he cambiado mi turno con un compañero I swapped shifts with a colleague;
    ¿te importaría cambiarme el sitio? would you mind swapping o changing places with me?
    5. [dinero] to change;
    en aquel banco cambian dinero they change money at that bank;
    ¿me podría cambiar este billete en monedas, por favor? could you give me change for this note in coins, please?;
    cambiar dólares en euros to change dollars into euros
    6. [bebé] to change
    ♦ vi
    1. [alterarse] to change;
    ha cambiado mucho desde el accidente she has changed a lot since the accident;
    la situación no ha cambiado mucho there has been little change in the situation;
    algunas personas no cambian nunca some people never change;
    ya crecerá y cambiará she'll change as she gets older;
    cambiar a mejor/peor to change for the better/worse;
    en ese caso, la cosa cambia that's different, that changes everything;
    le ha cambiado la voz his voice has broken
    2.
    cambiar de to change;
    cambiar de autobús/tren to change buses/trains;
    Fig
    cambiar de camisa/chaqueta to change one's shirt/jacket;
    cambiar de canal [de TV] to turn over, to change channels;
    cambiar de casa to move (house);
    cambiar de color to change colour;
    cambiar de dueño to change hands;
    cambiar de idea/intención to change one's mind/plans;
    cambiar de manos [dinero, vehículo] to change hands;
    cambiar de ritmo to change pace;
    cambiar de rumbo to change course;
    cambiar de sexo to have a sex change;
    cambiar de sitio to change place, to move;
    cambiar de táctica to change one's tactics;
    cambiar de trabajo to move o change jobs
    3. Aut [de marchas]
    cambiar (de marcha) to change gear;
    cambiar a segunda to change into second gear
    4. Meteo to change, to shift;
    el viento cambió the wind changed
    * * *
    I v/t change ( por for); compra exchange ( por for)
    II v/i change;
    cambiar de lugar change places;
    cambiar de marcha AUTO shift gear, Br change gear;
    cambiar de tren change trains;
    cambiar de coche get a new car;
    parecer change one’s mind
    * * *
    1) alterar, modificar: to change
    2) : to exchange, to trade
    1) : to change
    2)
    cambiar de velocidad : to shift gears
    * * *
    1. (en general) to change
    si no te va bien, te lo cambiaremos if it doesn't fit, we'll change it
    ¿dónde puede cambiar las libras en euros? where can I change my pounds into euros?
    2. to exchange / to swap [pt. & pp. swapped]
    cambiar de opinión / parecer to change your mind

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambiar

  • 9 hypothesis

    2) допущение; предположение
    •

    hypothesis states that — гипотеза утверждает, что

    to make a hypothesis — строить гипотезу; выдвигать гипотезу

    - concurrent hypothesis - empirically testable hypothesis - incompletely confirmable hypothesis - indirectly testable hypothesis - multiple hypothesis - multivariate hypothesis

    English-Russian scientific dictionary > hypothesis

  • 10 all

    o:l
    1. adjective, pronoun
    1) (the whole (of): He ate all the cake; He has spent all of his money.) todo
    2) (every one (of a group) when taken together: They were all present; All men are equal.) todos

    2. adverb
    1) (entirely: all alone; dressed all in white.) completamente, totalmente
    2) ((with the) much; even: Your low pay is all the more reason to find a new job; I feel all the better for a shower.) tanto, aún
    •
    - all-out
    - all-round
    - all-rounder
    - all-terrain vehicle
    - all along
    - all at once
    - all in
    - all in all
    - all over
    - all right
    - in all
    all1 adj todo
    all2 adv
    1. completamente / totalmente
    2. empatados / iguales
    the score was three all empataron a tres / el partido terminó con un empate a tres
    all3 pron
    1. todo
    2. lo único / sólo
    3. todos / todo el mundo
    tr[ɔːl]
    1 (singular) todo,-a; (plural) todos,-as
    ■ all day/month/year todo el día/mes/año
    ■ all morning/afternoon/night/week toda la mañana/tarde/noche/semana
    1 (everything) todo, la totalidad nombre femenino
    2 (everybody) todos nombre masculino plural, todo el mundo
    ■ all of them helped/they all helped ayudaron todos
    1 completamente, totalmente
    ■ you're all dirty! ¡estás todo sucio!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    after all (despite everything) después de todo 2 (it must be remembered) no hay que olvidarlo
    all along desde el principio
    all but casi
    all in (tired) agotado,-a, hecho,-a polvo 2 (included) todo incluido
    ■ it's £235 all in son £235 todo incluido
    all in all en conjunto
    all or nothing todo o nada
    all over en todas partes
    all right (acceptable) bien, bueno,-a, satisfactorio,-a
    ■ the film's all right, but I've seen better ones la película no está mal, pero las he visto mejores 2 (well, safe) bien
    ■ are you all right? ¿estás bien? 3 (accepting suggestion) vale, bueno
    ■ are you coming? --all right ¿te vienes? --vale 4 (calming, silencing) vale
    ■ all right, that's enough! ¡vale, basta ya! 4 (definitely) seguro
    ■ it was the thin one all right era el flaco, estoy seguro
    all the «+ comp» tanto + adj/adv, aún + adj/adv
    all the same igualmente, a pesar de todo
    to be all the same to somebody dar lo mismo a alguien
    all the time todo el rato, siempre
    all told en total
    all too «+ adj/adv» demasiado + adj/adv
    at all en absoluto
    at all times siempre
    in all en total
    not at all no hay de qué
    All Fools' Day el día 1 de abril (≈ día de los Santos Inocentes)
    All Saints' Day día nombre masculino de Todos los Santos
    All Souls' Day día nombre masculino los Fieles Difuntos
    all ['ɔl] adv
    1) completely: todo, completamente
    2) : igual
    the score is 14 all: es 14 iguales, están empatados a 14
    3)
    all the better : tanto mejor
    4)
    all the more : aún más, todavía más
    all adj
    : todo
    all the children: todos los niños
    in all likelihood: con toda probabilidad, con la mayor probabilidad
    all pron
    1) : todo, -da
    they ate it all: lo comieron todo
    that's all: eso es todo
    enough for all: suficiente para todos
    2)
    all in all : en general
    3)
    not at all (in negative constructions) : en absoluto, para nada
    adj.
    • todo, -a adj.
    • todos adj.
    adv.
    • completamente adv.
    • del todo adv.
    n.
    • todo s.m.
    pron.
    • todo (s) pron.

    I ɔːl
    1) (before n) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das

    all kinds o sorts of people — todo tipo de gente

    all morning — toda la mañana, la mañana entera

    what's all this we hear about you leaving? — ¿qué es eso de que te vas?

    I might as well not bother for all the notice he takes — para el caso que me hace, más vale que ni me moleste

    we were dabbling in drink, drugs and all that — flirteábamos con la bebida, las drogas y todo eso or y todo lo demás; see also all III 3) d)

    2)
    b) ( any)

    II
    1) ( everything) (+ sing vb) todo

    all I can say is... — todo lo que puedo decir es..., lo único que puedo decir es...

    will that be all, madam? — ¿algo más señora?, ¿eso es todo, señora?

    all in good time — todo a su debido tiempo, cada cosa a su tiempo

    2)
    a) ( everyone) (+ pl vb) todos, -das

    she is the cleverest of all — es la más inteligente de todos/todas

    I don't intend to tell anyone, least of all her! — no pienso decírselo a nadie y a ella menos todavía

    3)

    all of: now that all of the children go to school ahora que todos los niños van al colegio; all of the cheese todo el queso; it took all of 20 years to complete it — se tardó 20 años enteros en acabarlo

    4) (after n, pron) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das
    a)
    b)
    c)

    he ate it, skin and all — se lo comió con la cáscara y todo

    d)

    at all: they don't like him at all no les gusta nada; I'm not at all worried o worried at all no estoy preocupada en absoluto, no estoy para nada preocupada; thank you - not at all gracias - de nada or no hay de qué; she didn't feel at all well no se sentía nada bien; it's not bad at all, it's not at all bad no está nada mal; they'll come late, if they come at all vendrán tarde, si es que vienen; if (it's) at all possible — si fuera posible

    e)

    III

    you've gone all red — te has puesto todo colorado/toda colorada

    I got all wet — me mojé todo/toda

    I'm all ears — soy todo/toda oídos

    2) (each, apiece) ( Sport)
    a)
    b)

    the game had all but finished — prácticamente or ya casi había terminado el partido

    c)

    all for: to be all for something: I'm all for sex education — estoy totalmente a favor de la educación sexual

    d)

    all that — ( particularly) (usu neg)

    e)

    all the — (+ comp)

    it is all the more remarkable if you consider... — resulta aún or todavía más extraordinario si se tiene en cuenta...

    all the more so because... — tanto más cuanto que...; see also all out


    IV

    to give one's all — ( make supreme effort) dar* todo de sí; ( sacrifice everything) darlo* todo, dar* todo lo que se tiene

    [ɔːl] When all is part of a set combination, eg in all seriousness/probability, look up the noun. Note that all right has an entry to itself.
    1. ADJECTIVE
    1) todo

    it rained all day — llovió todo el día, llovió el día entero

    40% of all marriages end in divorce — el 40% de los matrimonios terminan en divorcio

    • it would have to rain today, of all days! — ¡tenía que llover hoy justamente!

    • for all their efforts, they didn't manage to score — a pesar de todos sus esfuerzos, no lograron marcar un tanto

    • they chose him, of all people! — lo eligieron a él, como si no hubiera otros

    • all those who disobey will be punished — todos aquellos que desobedezcan serán castigados

    all that and all that y cosas así, y otras cosas por el estilo

    sorry and all that, but that's the way it is — disculpas y todo lo demás, pero así son las cosas

    of all the...

    of all the luck! — ¡vaya suerte!

    of all the tactless things to say! — ¡qué falta de tacto!

    best, four 2., 2)
    2) (=any)

    • it has been proved beyond all doubt — se ha probado sin que quepa la menor duda

    2. PRONOUN
    a) (=everything) todo

    • we did all we could to stop him — hicimos todo lo posible para detenerlo

    • all is not lost — liter or hum aún quedan esperanzas

    • all of it — todo

    it took him all of three hours — (=at least) le llevó tres horas enteras; iro (=only) le llevó ni más ni menos que tres horas

    she must be all of 16 — iro debe de tener al menos 16 años

    • is that all?, will that be all? — ¿es eso todo?, ¿nada más?

    six o'clock? is that all? — ¿las seis? ¿nada más?

    that's all — eso es todo, nada más

    • all is well — todo está bien

    best, once 1., 1)
    b) (=the only thing)

    all I can tell you is... — todo lo que puedo decirte es..., lo único que puedo decirte es...

    • all that matters is that you're safe — lo único que importa es que estás a salvo

    2) (plural) todos mpl, todas fpl

    • this concerns all of you — esto os afecta a todos (vosotros)

    • they all say that — todos dicen lo mismo

    • all who knew him loved him — todos los que le conocieron le querían

    the score is two all — van empatados a dos, el marcador es de empate a dos

    it's 30 all — (Tennis) treinta iguales

    above all sobre todo after all después de todo all but

    all but seven/twenty — todos menos siete/veinte

    all for nothing

    I rushed to get there, all for nothing — fui a toda prisa, todo para nada, fui a toda prisa, y total para nada

    all in all en general

    all in all, things turned out quite well — en general, las cosas salieron bastante bien

    we thought, all in all, it wasn't a bad idea — pensamos que, mirándolo bien, no era una mala idea

    all told en total and all

    the dog ate the sausage, mustard and all — el perro se comió la salchicha, mostaza incluida

    for all I care for all I know

    for all I know he could be dead — puede que hasta esté muerto, no lo sé

    for all I know, he could be right — igual hasta tiene razón, no lo sé

    if (...) at all

    I'll go tomorrow if I go at all — si es que voy, iré mañana

    it rarely rains here, if at all — aquí rara vez llueve, si es que llueve

    I'd like to see him today, if (it's) at all possible — me gustaría verlo hoy, si es del todo posible

    they won't attempt it, if they have any sense at all — si tienen el más mínimo sentido común, no lo intentarán

    in all it all

    she seemed to have it all: a good job, a happy marriage — parecía tenerlo todo: un buen trabajo, un matrimonio feliz

    it's all or nothing es todo o nada most of all sobre todo, más que nada no... at all not... at all

    you mean he didn't cry at all? — ¿quieres decir que no lloró nada?

    did you mention me at all? — ¿mencionaste mi nombre por casualidad?

    not at all! (answer to thanks) ¡de nada!, ¡no hay de qué!

    "are you disappointed?" - "not at all!" — -¿estás defraudado? -en absoluto

    3. ADVERB
    1) (=entirely) todo
    Make todo agree with the person or thing described:

    • the children were all alone — los niños estaban completamente solos

    • there were insects all around us — había insectos por todas partes

    • I did it all by myself — lo hice completamente solo

    • she was dressed all in black — iba vestida completamente de negro

    • we shook hands all round — nos estrechamos todos las manos

    all along

    all along the street — a lo largo de toda la calle, por toda la calle

    all but (=nearly) casi

    he all but died — casi se muere, por poco se muere

    all for sth

    I'm all for giving children their independence — estoy completamente a favor de or apoyo completamente la idea de dar independencia a los niños

    all in (=all inclusive) (Brit) todo incluido; (=exhausted) * hecho polvo *

    the trip cost £200 all in — el viaje costó 200 libras, todo incluido

    after a day's skiing I was all in — después de un día esquiando, estaba hecho polvo * or rendido

    you look all in — se te ve rendido, ¡vaya cara de estar hecho polvo! *

    all out

    to go all out — (=spare no expense) tirar la casa por la ventana; (Sport) emplearse a fondo

    all over

    all over the world you'll find... — en or por todo el mundo encontrarás...

    all the more...

    considering his age, it's all the more remarkable that he succeeded — teniendo en cuenta su edad, es aún más extraordinario que lo haya logrado

    she valued her freedom, all the more so because she had fought so hard for it — valoraba mucho su libertad, tanto más cuanto que había luchado tanto por conseguirla

    all too...

    all too soon, the holiday was over — cuando quisimos darnos cuenta las vacaciones habían terminado

    all up with all very...

    • that's all very well but... — todo eso está muy bien, pero...

    not all there

    he isn't all there * — no tiene todos los tornillos bien *, le falta algún tornillo *

    not all that... all-out, better I, 2.
    4.
    NOUN (=utmost)

    • he had given her his all — (=affection) se había entregado completamente a ella; (=possessions) le había dado todo lo que tenía

    • he puts his all into every game — se da completamente en cada partido, siempre da todo lo que puede de sí en cada partido

    5.
    COMPOUNDS

    the all clear N — (=signal) el cese de la alarma, el fin de la alarma; (fig) el visto bueno, luz verde

    all clear! — ¡fin de la alerta!

    to be given the all clear — (to do sth) recibir el visto bueno, recibir luz verde; (by doctor) recibir el alta médica or definitiva

    All Fools' Day N — ≈ día m de los (Santos) Inocentes

    All Hallows' (Day) N — día m de Todos los Santos

    All Saints' Day N — día m de Todos los Santos

    All Souls' Day N — día m de (los) Difuntos (Sp), día m de (los) Muertos (LAm)

    * * *

    I [ɔːl]
    1) (before n) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das

    all kinds o sorts of people — todo tipo de gente

    all morning — toda la mañana, la mañana entera

    what's all this we hear about you leaving? — ¿qué es eso de que te vas?

    I might as well not bother for all the notice he takes — para el caso que me hace, más vale que ni me moleste

    we were dabbling in drink, drugs and all that — flirteábamos con la bebida, las drogas y todo eso or y todo lo demás; see also all III 3) d)

    2)
    b) ( any)

    II
    1) ( everything) (+ sing vb) todo

    all I can say is... — todo lo que puedo decir es..., lo único que puedo decir es...

    will that be all, madam? — ¿algo más señora?, ¿eso es todo, señora?

    all in good time — todo a su debido tiempo, cada cosa a su tiempo

    2)
    a) ( everyone) (+ pl vb) todos, -das

    she is the cleverest of all — es la más inteligente de todos/todas

    I don't intend to tell anyone, least of all her! — no pienso decírselo a nadie y a ella menos todavía

    3)

    all of: now that all of the children go to school ahora que todos los niños van al colegio; all of the cheese todo el queso; it took all of 20 years to complete it — se tardó 20 años enteros en acabarlo

    4) (after n, pron) todo, -da; (pl) todos, -das
    a)
    b)
    c)

    he ate it, skin and all — se lo comió con la cáscara y todo

    d)

    at all: they don't like him at all no les gusta nada; I'm not at all worried o worried at all no estoy preocupada en absoluto, no estoy para nada preocupada; thank you - not at all gracias - de nada or no hay de qué; she didn't feel at all well no se sentía nada bien; it's not bad at all, it's not at all bad no está nada mal; they'll come late, if they come at all vendrán tarde, si es que vienen; if (it's) at all possible — si fuera posible

    e)

    III

    you've gone all red — te has puesto todo colorado/toda colorada

    I got all wet — me mojé todo/toda

    I'm all ears — soy todo/toda oídos

    2) (each, apiece) ( Sport)
    a)
    b)

    the game had all but finished — prácticamente or ya casi había terminado el partido

    c)

    all for: to be all for something: I'm all for sex education — estoy totalmente a favor de la educación sexual

    d)

    all that — ( particularly) (usu neg)

    e)

    all the — (+ comp)

    it is all the more remarkable if you consider... — resulta aún or todavía más extraordinario si se tiene en cuenta...

    all the more so because... — tanto más cuanto que...; see also all out


    IV

    to give one's all — ( make supreme effort) dar* todo de sí; ( sacrifice everything) darlo* todo, dar* todo lo que se tiene

    English-spanish dictionary > all

  • 11 dream

    § სიზმარი; ოცნება; დასიზმრება, სიზმრად ნახვა
    §
    1 სიზმარი
    had a good/bad dream კარგი / ცუდი სიზმარი ვნახე
    2 ოცნება
    it is my dream to become a film star ჩემი ოცნებაა, გვხდე კინოვარსკვლავი
    3 (dreamed, dreamt) სიზმრის ნახვა, დასიზმრება (დაესიზმრება)
    4 ოცნება (ოცნებობს)
    I dream of independence from my parents ჩემი მშობლებისაგან დამოუკიდებლობაზე ვოცნებობ
    5 აზრად ქონა
    I didn't dream of offending you შენი წყენა / წყენინება აზრადაც არ მქონია
    ●●in a land of dreams ოცნებებში
    ●●his dreams came true ოცნება აუსრულდა

    English-Georgian dictionary > dream

  • 12 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 13 З-74

    В ЗАРОДЫШЕ PrepP Invar
    1. быть», существовать, находиться - ( subj-compl with copula ( subj: abstr or collect)) (to be, exist) in an incipient state
    in an embryonic state (stage).
    Эти политические тенденции существовали в зародыше ещё двадцать лет назад. These political tendencies already existed in an embryonic state twenty years ago.
    2. уничтожать, душить что \З-74 (obj-compl with уничтожать etc
    obj: abstr or collect)) (to destroy sth.) in the earliest stage of its existence, before it has time to develop
    nip sth. in the bud
    squelch sth. at its very outset (in limited contexts) smother sth. in its crib strangle sth. at birth.
    ...Настоящие учёные и научные результаты, хотя их и было ничтожно мало, не переходили ни во что и с намёками не считались. Их следовало уничтожить в зародыше (Зиновьев 1)....The true scientists and their results, although there were distressingly few of them, were not transformed into anything and paid no attention to any hints. So they had to be nipped in the bud (1a).
    Будь Виктор один, они бы его искалечили, но с тыла на них набежал Тэдди, который свято исповедовал золотое правило всех вышибал - гасить любую драку в самом зародыше... (Стругацкие 1). Had Victor been alone, they would have mutilated him. But along came Teddy, bounding in from the rear, devout observer of the bouncer's golden rule to squelch all fights at their very outset (1a).
    Аппарат надо сохранить, аппарат надо укреплять, но надо в зародыше убить в нем самостоятельность... (Рыбаков 2). The organization had to be preserved and strengthened, but its independence had to be strangled at birth... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > З-74

  • 14 в зародыше

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. быть, существовать, находиться - [subj-compl with copula (subj: abstr or collect)]
    ⇒ (to be, exist) in an incipient state:
    - in an embryonic state (stage).
         ♦ Эти политические тенденции существовали в зародыше ещё двадцать лет назад. These political tendencies already existed in an embryonic state twenty years ago.
    2. уничтожать, душить что в зародыше [obj-compl with уничтожать etc (obj: abstr or collect)]
    ⇒ (to destroy sth.) in the earliest stage of its existence, before it has time to develop:
    - nip sth. in the bud;
    - squelch sth. at its very outset;
    - (in limited contexts] smother sth. in its crib;
    - strangle sth. at birth.
         ♦...Настоящие учёные и научные результаты, хотя их и было ничтожно мало, не переходили ни во что и с намёками не считались. Их следовало уничтожить в зародыше (Зиновьев 1)....The true scientists and their results, although there were distressingly few of them, were not transformed into anything and paid no attention to any hints. So they had to be nipped in the bud (1a).
         ♦ Будь Виктор один, они бы его искалечили, но с тыла на них набежал Тэдди, который свято исповедовал золотое правило всех вышибал - гасить любую драку в самом зародыше... (Стругацкие 1). Had Victor been alone, they would have mutilated him. But along came Teddy, bounding in from the rear, devout observer of the bouncer's golden rule to squelch all fights at their very outset (1a).
         ♦ Аппарат надо сохранить, аппарат надо укреплять, но надо в зародыше убить в нем самостоятельность... (Рыбаков 2). The organization had to be preserved and strengthened, but its independence had to be strangled at birth... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в зародыше

  • 15 toujours

    toujours [tuʒuʀ]
    adverb
       a. ( = tout le temps) always
    • il est toujours à or en train de critiquer (inf) he's always criticizing
       b. ( = encore) still
    • est-ce que Louise est rentrée ? -- non elle est toujours à Paris/non toujours pas is Louise back? -- no, she's still in Paris/no not yet
    • écrivez toujours, il vous répondra peut-être write anyway - he might answer you
    • il vient toujours un moment où... there must come a time when...
    • vous pouvez toujours crier, il n'y a personne shout as much as you like - there's no-one about
    • il était peut-être là, toujours est-il que je ne l'ai pas vu he may well have been around, but the fact remains that I didn't see him
    * * *
    tuʒuʀ
    1) (exprimant la continuité, la répétition) always

    de toujours — [ami] very old; [amitié] long-standing

    2) ( encore) still
    3) ( de toute façon) anyway

    c'est toujours ça de pris or de gagné — that's something at least

    * * *
    tuʒuʀ adv
    1) (= tout le temps) always

    Il est toujours très gentil. — He's always very nice.

    2) (= encore) still

    Quand nous sommes revenus, il était toujours là. — When we got back he was still there.

    * * *
    toujours adv
    1 ( exprimant la continuité) always; cela a toujours existé et existera toujours it always has existed and it always will; je t'aimerai toujours I'll always love you; ce n'est pas toujours vrai that is not always true; comme toujours as always; vouloir toujours plus always to want more; pour toujours forever; ils se connaissent depuis toujours they've known each other all their lives; j'en rêve depuis toujours I've always dreamed about it; de toujours [ami] very old; [amitié] long-standing; toujours plus vite faster and faster; toujours plus grand bigger and bigger; des frais toujours plus importants ever-increasing costs;
    2 ( exprimant la répétition) always; il est toujours en retard he is always late; c'est toujours pareil it's always the same; ce n'est pas toujours évident it's not always obvious; toujours prêt à aider/critiquer always ready to help/criticize; vous serez toujours le bienvenu you're always welcome;
    3 ( encore) still; il est toujours couché? is he still in bed?; il n'est toujours pas levé? is he still not up?; c'est toujours aussi difficile it's still just as hard;
    4 ( de toute façon) anyway; viens toujours come anyway; on peut toujours essayer we can always try; cela peut toujours servir it might come in handy; c'est toujours mieux que rien it's still better than nothing; c'est toujours ça de pris or de gagné that's something at least; toujours est-il que the fact remains that.
    [tuʒur] adverbe
    1. [exprimant la continuité dans le temps] always
    je l'ai toujours dit/cru I've always said/thought so
    il est toujours à se plaindre he's always ou he never stops complaining
    Sophie, toujours plus belle Sophie, ever more beautiful
    toujours plus haut, toujours plus vite, toujours plus loin ever higher, ever faster, ever farther
    2. [marquant la fréquence, la répétition] always
    tu as toujours raison, enfin presque toujours you're always right, well, nearly always!
    3. [encore] still
    tu es toujours aussi serviable! (ironique) you're just ou still as helpful as ever(, I see)!
    elle n'a toujours pas téléphoné she hasn't phoned yet, she still hasn't phoned
    4. [dans des emplois expressifs]
    tu peux toujours essayer you can always try, you might as well try
    prends-le, tu peux toujours en avoir besoin take it, you may ou might need it (some day)
    c'est toujours mieux que rien still, it's better than nothing
    tu peux toujours pleurer, je ne céderai pas (you can) cry as much as you like, I won't give in
    tu lui fais confiance? — pas dans le travail, toujours! do you trust him? — not when it comes to work, anyway!
    ————————
    comme toujours locution adverbiale
    il a été charmant, comme toujours he was charming as always
    ————————
    de toujours locution adjectivale
    ————————
    pour toujours locution adverbiale
    toujours est-il que locution conjonctive
    j'ignore pourquoi elle a refusé, toujours est-il que le projet tombe à l'eau I don't know why she refused, but the fact remains that the plan has had to be abandoned

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > toujours

  • 16 riconoscere

    recognise
    ammettere acknowledge
    riconosco che I admit that
    non si riconosce più he's unrecognisable
    * * *
    1 to recognize: era cambiato tanto che non lo riconobbi, he had changed so much that I did not recognize him; riconoscere un pezzo musicale dalle prime battute, to identify a piece of music from the first notes; riconoscere qlcu. (d) al passo, (d) alla voce, to recognize (o to know) s.o. by his walk, by his voice
    2 (ammettere apertamente, ufficialmente, come legittimo) to recognize, to acknowledge: la legge non riconobbe i suoi diritti, the law did not recognize his claims; non la riconobbe come moglie, he did not recognize her as his wife; riconoscere l'indipendenza di un paese, to recognize the independence of a country; riconoscere qlcu. come capo, to acknowledge s.o. as one's leader; riconoscere un'opera come propria, to acknowledge a work as one's own; riconoscere un figlio, to acknowledge a child; riconoscere un figlio naturale, to affiliate (o to recognize) an illegitimate child (o to legitimize a child)
    3 ( ammettere) to acknowledge, to admit, to own: non volle riconoscere il suo errore, he did not want to acknowledge (o to admit) his mistake; riconosco che hai ragione, I admit you are right; riconosco che tutto questo è vero, I acknowledge (o admit) that all this is true; riconosco di essermi sbagliato, I own (o admit o confess) that I was mistaken; devi riconoscere che sei stato accolto molto bene, you must admit that you have been warmly welcomed; riconoscere i meriti di un avversario, to acknowledge an opponent's merits; riconoscere la propria colpa, colpevolezza, to acknowledge (o to admit) one's guilt, (dir.) to plead guilty
    4 ( comprendere, discernere) to recognize, to know*, to see*: riconobbe subito il pericolo, he recognized the danger immediately; riconobbi in lui un talento eccezionale per la musica, I recognized (o saw) that he had an exceptional talent for music
    5 ( considerare) to recognize, to appreciate: i suoi servigi non furono riconosciuti, his services were not recognized
    6 ( identificare) to identify: occorre un documento per farsi riconoscere, a document is necessary to identify oneself (o to make oneself known); i parenti hanno dovuto riconoscere il cadavere, the next of kin had to identify the body // farsi riconoscere per quello che si è, (fig.) to show oneself up for what one is
    7 (mil.) to reconnoitre
    8 (comm.) ( computare a favore della controparte) to acknowledge: riconoscere un debito, le spese di trasporto, to acknowledge a debt, the transport charges
    9 (banca) ( accreditare) to credit: riconoscere in conto una somma, to credit an amount.
    ◘ riconoscersi v.rifl. to recognize oneself, to acknowledge oneself: si riconobbe colpevole, he acknowledged that he was guilty: riconoscere vinto, to own oneself beaten (o to acknowledge defeat); riconoscere in errore, to admit one is in the wrong (o one is mistaken)
    ◆ v.rifl.rec. to recognize each other (o one another).
    * * *
    1. [riko'noʃʃere]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (identificare) to recognize, (cadavere, salma) to identify

    farsi riconoscere — (esibendo documento) to provide identification

    2) (ammettere: gen) to recognize, (errore, torto) to admit, acknowledge, (superiorità) to acknowledge
    3) Dir
    2) (uso reciproco) to recognize each other
    * * *
    [riko'noʃʃere] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (identificare) to recognize, to know* [persona, voce, luogo] (da by); to pick out, to identify [ sospetto]

    scusami, non ti avevo riconosciuto — sorry, I didn't recognize you

    2) (ammettere) to acknowledge, to admit [torto, errore, fatti, meriti]; to grant, to concede [ validità]

    riconoscere qcn. come capo — to acknowledge sb. as leader

    riconoscere qcn. colpevole — to find sb. guilty

    4) (considerare come legittimo) to recognize [governo, sindacato, diritto]
    5) (distinguere) to distinguish, to tell*

    riconoscere il vero dal falso — to sort out o tell truth from falsehood

    2.
    verbo pronominale riconoscersi

    -rsi in qcn. — to recognize o see o identify oneself in sb

    2) (l'un l'altro) to recognize each other
    3) (essere identificabile) to be* recognizable (da by)
    * * *
    riconoscere
    /riko'no∫∫ere/ [31]
     1 (identificare) to recognize, to know* [persona, voce, luogo] (da by); to pick out, to identify [ sospetto]; la riconosco dalla camminata I know her by her walk; scusami, non ti avevo riconosciuto sorry, I didn't recognize you; non ti riconosco più! you're no longer the person you were!
     2 (ammettere) to acknowledge, to admit [torto, errore, fatti, meriti]; to grant, to concede [ validità]; riconosco di aver mentito I admit I lied; bisogna riconoscere che you have to admit that; riconoscere qcn. come capo to acknowledge sb. as leader
     3 (giudicare) riconoscere qcn. colpevole to find sb. guilty
     4 (considerare come legittimo) to recognize [governo, sindacato, diritto]; riconoscere un bambino to recognize a child legally
     5 (distinguere) to distinguish, to tell*; riconoscere il vero dal falso to sort out o tell truth from falsehood
    II riconoscersi verbo pronominale
     1 (identificarsi) -rsi in qcn. to recognize o see o identify oneself in sb.
     2 (l'un l'altro) to recognize each other
     3 (essere identificabile) to be* recognizable (da by)
     4 (dichiararsi) - rsi colpevole to admit one's guilt.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > riconoscere

  • 17 index

    1. noun
    Index, der; Register, das

    index of sources — Quellenverzeichnis, das

    2. transitive verb
    1) (furnish with index) mit einem Register od. Index versehen
    2) (enter in index) ins Register aufnehmen
    * * *
    ['indeks]
    1) (an alphabetical list of names, subjects etc eg at the end of a book.) der Index
    2) ((plural indices ['indisi:z]) in mathematics the figure which indicates the number of times a figure etc must be multiplied by itself etc: In 63 and 75, the figures 3 and 5 are the indices.) der Exponent
    •
    - academic.ru/37616/index_finger">index finger
    * * *
    in·dex
    <pl - es or indices>
    [ˈɪndeks, pl -dɪsi:z]
    I. n
    1.
    <pl -es>
    (alphabetical list: in book) Index m; of sources Quellenverzeichnis nt; (in library) Katalog m; (register, list) Register nt, Verzeichnis nt; (in a computer memory) Index m
    look it up in the \index schlag's doch im Verzeichnis nach
    \index by author/keyword/subject-matter/title [or of authors/keywords/subject-matters/titles] Autoren-/Stichwort-/Themen-/Titelverzeichnis nt
    card \index Kartei f
    computer \index [elektronisches] Datenverzeichnis
    catalogued on a computer \index elektronisch erfasst
    \index number Indexzahl f; (percentage rise of sth over a period) Indexziffer f
    2.
    <pl - es or indices>
    ECON Index m fachspr, Indexzahl f fachspr; STOCKEX Aktienindex m, Börsenindex m
    the cost-of-living \index der Lebenshaltungskostenindex
    the Dow Jones I\index der Dow-Jones-Index fachspr
    FTSE 100 I\index [britischer] Aktienindex, FTSE 100 Index m fachspr
    price/wage \index Preis-/Lohnkostenindex m
    \index of building costs Baukostenindex m
    3.
    <pl - es or indices>
    (indicator, measure) Hinweis m (of auf + akk), Anzeichen nt (of für + akk)
    to be a reliable \index of sth ein verlässliches Anzeichen für etw akk sein, zuverlässig Aufschluss über etw akk geben
    4. no pl REL ( hist)
    ▪ the I\index of prohibited books der Index
    5.
    <pl indices>
    6. COMPUT (address to used) Index m
    7. (on film strip) Index m
    II. vt
    1. (create index)
    ▪ to \index sth in book etw mit einem Verzeichnis [o Register] versehen; in library etw katalogisieren; on computer ein elektronisches Datenverzeichnis erstellen, etw elektronisch erfassen
    2. (record in index)
    ▪ to \index sth in book etw in ein Verzeichnis [o Register] aufnehmen; in library etw in einen Katalog aufnehmen; on computer etw in ein elektronisches Datenverzeichnis aufnehmen
    to \index sth by author/keyword/subject-matter/title etw mit einem Autoren-/Stichwort-/Themen-/Titelverzeichnis versehen
    to be \indexed to [or in line with] sth an etw akk gekoppelt [o fachspr indexiert] sein
    wages have been \indexed to inflation die Lohntarife sind an die Inflation gekoppelt
    \indexed pension dynamische Rente
    ▪ to \index sth etw indexieren
    4. MATH
    ▪ to \index sth etw indizieren
    * * *
    ['ɪndeks]
    1. n
    1) pl - es (in book) Register nt, Index m; (of sources) Quellenverzeichnis nt; (in library) (of topics) (Schlagwort)katalog m; (of authors) (Verfasser)katalog m; (= card index) Kartei f
    2) pl indices (= pointer, = Typ) Hinweiszeichen nt, Handzeichen nt; (on scale) (An)zeiger m, Zunge f

    this is a good index of his character — das zeigt deutlich seinen Charakter, das lässt deutlich auf seinen Charakter schließen

    3) pl - es or indices (= number showing ratio) Index m, Messzahl f, Indexziffer f
    4) pl indices (MATH) Index m; (= exponent) Wurzelexponent m
    2. vt
    1) mit einem Register or Index versehen; word in das Register or in den Index aufnehmen; (COMPUT) indexieren, indizieren

    the book is clearly indexed — das Buch hat ein klares Register or einen klaren Index

    2)

    to index sth to inflation — etw an den Index binden, etw indexieren; pension etw dynamisieren

    * * *
    index [ˈındeks]
    A pl indexes, indices [-dısiːz] s
    1. Index m, (Inhalts-, Namens-, Sach-, Stichwort) Verzeichnis n, Tabelle f, (Sach) Register n
    2. auch index file Kartei f:
    index card Karteikarte f
    3. fig (of, to)
    a) (An)Zeichen n (von oder für oder gen)
    b) Hinweis m (auf akk)
    c) Gradmesser m (für oder gen):
    be an index of ( oder to) → B 5
    4. Statistik: Index-, Messziffer f, Vergleichs-, Messzahl f, WIRTSCH Index m:
    5. TECH
    a) (Uhr- etc) Zeiger m
    b) Zunge f (einer Waage)
    c) (Einstell) Marke f, Strich m
    6. ANAT Index m, Zeigefinger m
    7. Wegweiser m
    8. TYPO Hand(zeichen) f(n)
    9. PHYSIOL (Schädel) Index m
    10. (pl nur indices) MATH
    a) Exponent m
    b) Index m, Kennziffer f (eines Logarithmus):
    index of refraction PHYS Brechungsindex oder -exponent
    11. Index KATH, HIST Index m (Liste der verbotenen Bücher)
    12. COMPUT Index m (als separate Datei gespeichertes Adressenverzeichnis)
    B v/t
    1. ein Buch etc mit einem Inhaltsverzeichnis etc versehen
    2. a) in ein Verzeichnis aufnehmen
    b) in einem Verzeichnis aufführen
    3. karteimäßig erfassen
    4. KATH, HIST (auch weitS.) ein Buch etc indizieren, auf den Index setzen
    5. TECH
    a) einen Revolverkopf etc schalten
    b) (in Maßeinheiten) einteilen:
    indexing disc Schaltscheibe f
    6. aufzeigen, hinweisen oder -deuten auf (akk)
    ind. abk
    5. LING indicative
    * * *
    1. noun
    Index, der; Register, das

    index of sources — Quellenverzeichnis, das

    2. transitive verb
    1) (furnish with index) mit einem Register od. Index versehen
    2) (enter in index) ins Register aufnehmen
    * * *
    n.
    Index -es n.

    English-german dictionary > index

  • 18 dream

    [dri:m] n
    1) ( during sleep) Traum m;
    bad/pleasant \dream schlimmer [o schlechter] /schöner Traum;
    recurring \dream [immer] wiederkehrender Traum;
    to have a \dream [about sth] [von etw dat] träumen
    2) ( daydream) Traum m, Träumerei f;
    to be in a \dream vor sich akk hinträumen, mit offenen Augen träumen
    3) ( aspiration) [Wunsch]traum m;
    win the house of your \dreams gewinnen Sie das Haus Ihrer Träume!;
    the \dream of independence der Traum von der Unabhängigkeit;
    a \dream come true ein in Erfüllung gegangener Traum
    4) (fam: perfect thing, person) Traum m ( fam)
    his new girlfriend is a \dream! seine neue Freundin ist einfach perfekt!;
    this is a \dream of a house das ist ein Traum von einem Haus;
    he's got a \dream of an apartment er hat eine traumhafte Wohnung;
    to go/ run/ work/play like a \dream wie eine Eins fahren/funktionieren/spielen
    PHRASES:
    in your \dreams! du träumst wohl!, nie im Leben! adj
    1) ( ideal) Traum-;
    \dream holiday/ house Traumurlaub m /-haus nt;
    to be [living] in a \dream world ( pej) in einer Traumwelt leben ( pej)
    2) ( relating to dreams) Traum-;
    \dream sequence film Traumsequenz f;
    \dream time ( Aus) lit Traumzeit f vi < dreamt or dreamed, dreamt or dreamed>
    1) ( during sleep) träumen;
    to \dream about [or of] sb/ sth von jdm/etw träumen;
    what did you \dream about last night? wovon hast du letzte Nacht geträumt?
    2) ( fantasize)
    to \dream of [or about] sth von etw dat träumen;
    \dream on! ( iron) träum [nur schön] weiter! ( iron)
    3) ( consider)
    to not \dream of sth nicht [einmal] im Traum an etw akk denken;
    I wouldn't \dream of asking him for money! es würde mir nicht im Traum einfallen, ihn um Geld zu bitten vt < dreamt> or dreamed> , dreamt> or dreamed>
    to \dream that... träumen, dass...
    2) ( imagine)
    to \dream sth etw träumen;
    I must have \dreamt it das muss ich wohl geträumt haben
    to never \dream that... nicht im Traum daran denken, dass...

    English-German students dictionary > dream

  • 19 buru

    iz.
    1. Anat.
    a. head; \burua gora ekarriko du he'll come with his head held high; \burua behera ekarriko du he'll come with his head hanging low; \burua hautsi zion he smashed his head in
    b. (esa.) \burutik oinera from head to foot; \burua egingo nuke egia dela I'd bet my life it's true; ez du \bururik ez buztanik it makes no sense at all; \buru eta bihotz heart and soul; \buru agertu i. to uncover one's head ii. (nabaritu) to stand off, make o.s. conspicuous; bere \burua aitaren aurrean agertu zuen he appeared before his father; \burua jaso to raise one's head
    2. (gauzakiei d., e.a.)
    a. Tek. head
    b. head; orratzaren \burua the head of a needle
    c. (ezpatari d.) pommel
    d. (oheari d.) bedstead
    e. (etxeari d.) top
    3. Nekaz. head; hogei \buru dituzte abeltegi hartan they've got twenty head of cattle in that corral
    a. end; kale \buruan dago it's at the end of the street; \burutik \burura i. from end to end ii. (liburuari d.) from cover to cover; \bururen \buru (I) from beginning to end; -(r)i \buru eman to put an end to; \burutan atera to carry out |to finish
    b. (hatzari d.) tip; hatz-\buru fingertip\buru
    5. (aurrekoalde) head; manifestazioaren \buru\\\buruzebilen he went at the head of the demonstration
    b. liburaren \buruan at the beginning of the book
    a. head, leader; sail\buru department head | head of the department; Elizaren \burua the head of the Church ; familiaren \burua the head of the family; nor da etxe honetako \buru\\\burua? who is the head of this household?; nik, bederen, posible ikusten dut, noizbait, nekearen nekez, Sri Lankako Gobernu batek, nornahi duela \buru, amore ematea autodeterminazioaren eskakizunari I, for one, think it possible that some day, after a great deal of strife, a government in Sri Lanka, whoever heads it, will give in to the demand for self-determination
    b. (bilerari, bilkurari d.) \buru izan to preside (- (e)an: at) ; \buru ibili to preside; \buru dabilen apezpiku \\ apezpikutza \\ agintari \\ apaizgodun aitzindari presiding Bishop \\ Bishopric \\ authority \\ priesthood leader
    a. mind, head; \buru argia du she's got a bright mind; \burua behar da horretarako you've got to have a mind for that; \burutan hartu to bear in mind; bihotz euskaldunaren eta \buru erdaldunaren arteko borroka amaigabea the never-ending struggle between the Basque-speaking heart and the {Spanish-speaking || French-speaking} mind
    b. (esa.) i-i \burua berotu i. to rile up, stir up ii. (zirrara eman) to excite; edariak \burua berotzen du drink excites you iii. (kezkatu) to worry ; \burua galdu to lose one's mind ; i-i \burua hartu i. (alkoholak i-r, e.a.) to cloud; pattarrak \burua hartu zion booze clouded his mind ii. (beti berdin pentsarazi) to get to one's head ; i-i \burua jan to brainwash sb ; -(r)i \burua zoratu to go mad; \buruak eman to occur; \buruak ematen dion guztia egin behar du he's got to do whatever strikes his fancy; \buruan erabili i. to think of | to ponder about; zer edo zer erabiliko du \buruan dirurik ez galtzeko he'll of think something so as not to lose any money ii. (azpikerietan ibili) to plot ; \buru(t)an hartu to take into consideration |to give thought to; \buruan gatza izan (du/ad.) to be bright; \buruan sartu i. (bururatu, otu) to get... into one's head | to get the idea ii. (hartu, ulertu) to understand, grasp; horrelako gauzak ez dira nire \buruan sartzen I simply can't understand such things; \burutik egon to be {mad || crazy || nuts}, be off one's rocker; \burutik {igaro || pasa} i. to go through one's mind ii. (aurrez susmatu) to have a feeling; susmo txar bat igaro zitzaion \burutik she had a terrible foreboding; \burutik jauzi to go {crazy || mad}, crack up ; \burutik joanda crazy, mad ; \burutik {kendu || atera || bota} to forget; ezin zuen \burutik kendu he couldn't get her out of his {mind || head}; beldurra \burutik kentzeko in order to get over the fear
    8. (oroimen) memory, head; \buru txarra du he's got a bad memory | he's got a head like a sieve
    9. (jatorri) origin; bekatu guztien \burua the origin of all sins
    10. Geog. Naut. cape
    b. (mendikoa) top, peak
    11. Landr.
    a. (gariarena) ear
    b. (artoarena) cob, ear
    12. Mat. \burura gorde to carry; hamar gehi hamaika hogeita bat eta \bururako bi ten plus eleven equals twenty-one carry two
    13. (arma) warhead; \buru nuklear nuclear warhead
    14.
    a. self; nire \buruari esan nion... I said to myself...; bere \burua garbitu du he killed himself; bere \burua trenari bota zion he threw himself against a train; \burua zuritu to justify oneself; nork bere \buruaz beste egin to kill o.s. | to commit suicide; begi zorrotzak izan ditut hutsak ikusteko, batez ere, huts horiek geure \buruarenak, neronenak barne, direnean I've kept a sharp eye out for mistakes, especially mistakes committed by ourselves, including my own
    b. ez dut nahi zuekin \burua bat egin I do not wish to join you
    c. [izenen aurrean] self-; \burujabetasun independence

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > buru

  • 20 Gaulle , General Charles de

       (Derivatives. Gaulliste, a follower of de Gaulle, and gaullien, in the manner of De Gaulle)
       (1890-1970). Prime minister 1944-1946, President 1958-1969.
       De Gaulle was without doubt the most influential French politician of the twentieth century. Leader of the Free French forces in World War 2, General de Gaulle went on to become the instigator, and the first president, of France's fifth republic. He oversaw French decolonisation of Algeria and other colonies, but was also a strong nationalist, who believed in France's independent nuclear deterrent, and withdrew France from NATO's military command in a move to affirm France's independence with regard notably to the USA. He was one of the leading proponents of the European Economic Community, the EEC, precursor of the European Union, but memorably blocked Britain's application for membership in 1960, considering that Britain was too aligned with the USA.
       A firm believer in strong central power, he designed the constitution of the Fifth Republic to give very great powers to the President (far greater than in any other major western democracy), leaving the French Parliament as second fiddle. He also sought to model the European Community in the same way, concentrating power in the hands of the Commission, and opposing the extension of the powers of the European Parliament.
       Notwithstanding, de Gaulle remains an iconic figure in the life of modernFrance, and a point of reference for politicians, notably those on the right. For over thirty years, French conservative political parties have vied with each other to portray themselves as the true bearers of Gaullist values; but with the passing of time, de Gaulle's influence on French politics, and the emblematic value of his name, are declining. The modern UMP party, the party of Presient Sarkozy, may be descended in direct lineage from de Gaulle's RFP and UDR parties, and may define itself as being "gaullist", but the meaning of the word, in that case, has changed.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Gaulle , General Charles de

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